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Airborne surveillance of gas emissions from Augustine for SO2, CO2 and H2S showed no evidence of anomalous degassing from 1990 through May 2005. By December 20, 2005, Augustine was degassing 660 td
1 ofSO2, and ten times that by January 4, 2006.

McGee, K.A., Doukas, M.P., McGimsey, R.G., Neal, C.A., and Wessels, R.L., 2008, Atmospheric contribution of gas emissions from Augustine volcano, Alaska during the 2006 eruption: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 35, L03306, doi: 10.1029/2007GL032301, 5 p.

A technique has been developed that uses Puff, a volcanic ash transport and dispersion (VATD) model, to forecast the relative exposure of aircraft and ground facilities to ash from a volcanic eruption. VATD models couple numerical weather prediction (NWP) data with physical descriptions of the initial eruptive plume, atmospheric dispersion, and settling of ash particles.

Peterson, R.A., and Dean, K.G., 2008, Forecasting exposure to volcanic ash based on ash dispersion modeling: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 170, p. 230-246, doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2007.10.003.

The Alaska Volcano Observatory was founded in 1988 after the eruptions at Cook Inlet's Augustine Volcano in 1986 caused significant disruptions to passenger jet travel to Anchorage and south-central Alaska. In 1986 few tools were available for scientists in Alaska to warn safety officials and the public of the size and location of Augustine's ash clouds that threatened to damage passenger aircraft. Residents of Homer and other coastal cities in south-central Alaska faced significant uncertainty about what would happen next at the volcano and what kind of risks their communities faced from Augustine Volcano.

University of Alaska Fairbanks Geophysical Institute, 2008, 20th anniversary of the Alaska Volcano Observatory: University of Alaska Geophysical Institute pamphlet, 2 p.

Interferometric synthetic aperture radar (INSAR) is capable of measuring ground-surface deformationw ith centimeter-to-subcentimeter precision and spatial resolutions of tens-of-meters over a relatively large region.

Lu, Zhong, 2007, InSAR imaging of volcanic deformation over cloud-prone areas - Aleutian Islands: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 73, n. 3, p. 245-257.

The eruption of Augustine volcano during the period 11-28 January, 2006 presented a variety of challenges and opportunities for forecasters, scientists, and emergency managers throughout Southcentral Alaska. This event was the first time that a significant volcanic eruption was observed within the nominal range of a WSR-88D. The radar data, in conjunction with pilot reports, proved to be crucial in analyzing the height and movement of volcanic ash clouds during and immediately following each eruptive event. This data greatly aided National Weather Service meteorologists in the issuance of timely and accurate warning and advisory products to aviation, public, and marine interests.

Wood, Jefferson, Scott, Carven, and Schneider, David, 2007, WSR-88D radar observations of volcanic ash: Fourth International Workshop on Volcanic Ash, World Meterological Organization (WMO) in close collaboration with the International Civil Aviation Organziation (ICAO) and the Civil Aviation Authority of New Zealand, Rotorua, New Zealand, 26-20 March, 2007, 9 p., available at http://www.caa.govt.nz/Volcanic_Ash_Workshop/Papers/VAWS4WP0403.pdf .

This report presents gas emission rates from data collected during numerous airborne plume-measurement flights at Alaskan volcanoes since 1995. These flights began in about 1990 as means to establish baseline values of volcanic gas emissions during periods of quiescence and to identify anomalous levels of degassing that might signal the beginning of unrest. The primary goal was to make systematic measurements at the major volcanic centers around the Cook Inlet on at least an annual basis, and more frequently during periods of unrest and eruption.

Doukas, M.P., and McGee, K.A., 2007, A compilation of gas emission-rate data from volcanoes of Cook Inlet (Spurr, Crater Peak, Redoubt, Iliamna, and Augustine) and Alaska Peninsula (Douglas, Fourpeaked, Griggs, Mageik, Martin, Peulik, Ukinrek Maars, and Veniaminof), Alaska, from 1995-2006: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1400, 13 p., available at http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1400/ .