Aniakchak bibliography: all known references that deal with Aniakchak.

"Volcanic eruption plumes and subsequent drifting ash clouds from North Pacific volcanoes have caused delays in flight operations nationwide and substantial damage to aircraft and equipment. Volcanic ash also has caused difficulties in Alaskan communities, ranging from property damage to health hazards. This operating plan provides an overview of multiple agency integrated operations in response to the threat of volcanic ash affecting Alaska, and an agency-by-agency description of roles and responsibilities in such events. A cohesive, well coordinated response will result in the flow of timely and consistent information to those at risk."

Madden, John, Murray, T.L., Carle, W.J., Cirillo, M.A., Furgione, L.K., Trimpert, M.T., and Hartig, Larry (signatories), 2008, Alaska interagency operating plan for volcanic ash episodes, 52 p.
full-text PDF : 907 KB

Since 1988, the Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) has been monitoring volcanic activity across the state, conducting scientific research on volcanic processes, producing volcano-hazard assessments, and informing both the public and emergency managers of volcanic unrest. Below are some examples of the activity at Alaska's volcanoes that have held the attention of AVO staff.

Schaefer, J.R., and Nye, Chris, 2008, The Alaska Volcano Observatory - 20 years of volcano research, monitoring, and eruption response: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, Alaska GeoSurvey News, NL 2008-001, v. 11, n. 1, p. 1-9, available at http://wwwdggs.dnr.state.ak.us/pubs/pubs?reqtype=citation&ID=16061 .
ADGGS website with link to PDF
full-text PDF on AVO's server : 5.68 MB

Fish and fishing communities are iconic symbols of Alaska. Volcanoes, earthquakes, and tsunamis also stand out as processes that define or shape the Alaska landscape. Alaska has numerous fishing ports that regularly rank in the top 10 ports for commercial landings by weight and value in the United States.

Zimmerman, C.E., Neal, C.A., and Haeussler, P.J., 2008, Natural hazards, fish habitat, and fishing communities in Alaska: American Fisheries Society Symposium, v. 64, p. 375-388.
full-text PDF : 1.83 MB

Payne, Richard, Blackford, Jeffrey, and van der Plicht, Johannes, 2008, Using cryptotephras to extend regional tephrochronologies: an example from southeast Alaska and implications for hazard assessment: Quaternary Research, v. 69, n. 1, p. 42-55.

Interferometric synthetic aperture radar (INSAR) is capable of measuring ground-surface deformationw ith centimeter-to-subcentimeter precision and spatial resolutions of tens-of-meters over a relatively large region.

Lu, Zhong, 2007, InSAR imaging of volcanic deformation over cloud-prone areas - Aleutian Islands: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 73, n. 3, p. 245-257.

A methodology to systematically rank volcanic threat was developed as the basis for prioritizing volcanoes for long-term hazards evaluations, monitoring, and mitigation activities.

Ewert, John, 2007, System for ranking relative threats of U.S. volcanoes: Natural Hazards Review, v. 8, n. 4, p. 112-124.

This study challenges recent hypotheses about sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) colonization based on life history and broadens the pathways that investigators should consider when studying sockeye colonization of novel habitats.

Pavey, S.A., Hamon, T.R., and Nielsen, J.L., 2007, Revisiting evolutionary dead ends in sockey salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) life history: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 64, p. 1199-1208, doi: 10.1139/F07-091 .

The Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) responded to eruptive activity or suspected volcanic activity at or near 16 volcanoes in Alaska during 2005, including the high profile precursory activity associated with the 2005–06 eruption of Augustine Volcano.

McGimsey, R.G., Neal, C.A., Dixon, J.P., and Ushakov, Sergey, 2007, 2005 Volcanic activity in Alaska, Kamchatka, and the Kurile Islands: Summary of events and response of the Alaska Volcano Observatory: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2007-5269, 94 p., available at http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2007/5269/ .
USGS website with link to PDF

The 10-km-wide caldera of the historically active Aniakchak volcano, Alaska, subsides ~13 mm/yr, based on data from 19 European Remote Sensing Satellite (ERS-1 and ERS- 2) interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) images from 1992 through 2002. The pattern of subsidence does not reflect the distribution of pyroclastic deposits from the last eruption in 1931 and therefore is not related to compaction of fragmental debris. Weighted least-squares inversion of the deformation maps indicates a relatively constant subsidence rate. Modeling the deformation with a Mogi point source locates the source of subsidence at ~4 km below the central caldera floor, which is consistent with the inferred depth of magma storage before the 1931 eruption. Magmatic CO2 and He have been measured at a warm soda spring within the caldera, and several sub-boiling fumaroles persist elsewhere in the caldera.

Kwoun, Oh-Ig, Lu, Zhong, Neal, Christina, and Wicks, Charles Jr., 2006, Quiescent deformation of the Aniakchak Caldera, Alaska, mapped by InSAR: Geology, v. 34, n. 1, p. 5-8, doi: 10.1130%2FG22015.1.

This study presents a pre-eruptive magma storage model for the rhyodacite and andesite magmas erupted during the 3430 yBP caldera-forming eruption of Aniakchak volcano, Alaska, derived from phase equilibria experiments and petrological data. The compositions of Fe-Ti oxide pairs from the early erupted Plinian rhyodacite pumice yield core temperatures of 871-900C, with rims up to ~942C, and fO2 from -10.6 to -11.8 log units. Melt inclusions entrapped in plagioclase phenocrysts have H2O contents between 3 and 5 wt%, estimated by FTIR and electron microprobe volatiles by difference methods, with no detectable CO2. Assuming water saturation, this corresponds to entrapment pressures between ~65 and 150 MPa.

Larsen, J.F., 2006, Rhyodacite magma storage conditions prior to the 3430 yBP caldera-forming eruption of Aniakchak volcano, Alaska: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 152, n. 4, p. 523-540, doi: 10.1007/s00410-006-0121-4.

"The purpose of this study was to replicate experimentally the growth of new rims around highly anorthitic plagioclase “core” phenocrysts, analogous to the incorporation of xenocrysts into a silicic magma body through magma mixing. Aniakchak rhyodacite forms the bulk starting composition, and phase-equilibria experiments constrained the pre-eruption magma conditions to be ~110 MPa and 870–880 °C. The experimental runs were seeded with Great Sitkin anorthite (An91–95) crystals. New rim growth of An28–38 plagioclase occurred at rates between 3.5 (±0.3) × 10–10 to 60.6 (±20.0) × 10–10 cm/s at pressures and temperatures from 50 to 150 MPa and 825 to 880 °C."

Larsen, J. F., 2005, Experimental study of plagioclase rim growth around anorthite seed crystals in rhyodacitic melt: American Mineralogist, v. 90, p. 417-427.

"NVEWS - a National Volcano Early Warning System - is being formulated by the Consortium of U.S. Volcano Observatories (CUSVO) to establish a proactive, fully integrated, national-scale monitoring effort that ensures the most threatening volcanoes in the United States are properly monitored in advance of the onset of unrest and at levels commensurate with the threats posed. Volcanic threat is the combination of hazards (the destructive natural phenomena produced by a volcano) and exposure (people and property at risk from the hazards)."

Ewert, J.W., Guffanti, Marianne, and Murray, T.L., 2005, An assessment of volcanic threat and monitoring capabilities in the United States: framework for a National Volcano Early Warning System NVEWS: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report OF 2005-1164, 62 p.
full-text PDF : 2.90 MB

Aniakchak caldera, Alaska, produced a compositionally heterogeneous ignimbrite 3400 years ago, which changes from rhyodacitic at the base to andesitic at the top of the eruptive sequence. Interpretations of compositionally heterogeneous ignimbrites typically include either in situ fractional crystallization of mafic magma and generation of a stratified magma body or replenishment of a silicic magma chamber by mafic inputs. Another possibility, silicic replenishment of a more mafic chamber, exists. Geochemical characteristics of the caldera-forming rhyodacite and several late precaldera rhyodacites indicate independent origins for each, within a maximum of
5000 years prior to caldera formation. Isotopic considerations preclude derivation of the caldera-forming rhyodacite from the caldera-forming andesite. However, the caldera-forming rhyodacite can be explained as the residual liquid of a mostly crystallized basalt, with addition of crustal material. The Aniakchak andesite probably formed in a shallow chamber by successive mixing events involving small volumes of basalt and rhyodacite, together with contamination. The pre-caldera rhyodacites represent erupted portions of intruding silicic magma, whereas another portion homogenized with the resident mafic magma. The caldera-forming event reflects a large influx of rhyodacite, which erupted before significant mixing occurred and also triggered draining of much of the andesitic magma from the chamber. KEY WORDS: Aniakchak; caldera-forming eruption;

Dreher, S.T., Eichelberger, J.C., and Larsen, J.F., 2005, The petrology and geochemistry of the Aniakchak caldera-forming ignimbrite, Aleutian Arc, Alaska: Journal of Petrology, v. 46, n. 9, p. 1747-1768, doi: 10.1093/petrology/egi032.

The primary objectives of the seismic program are the real-time seismic monitoring of active, potentially hazardous, Alaskan volcanoes and the investigation of seismic processes associated with active volcanism. This catalog presents the calculated earthquake hypocenter and phase arrival data, and changes in the seismic monitoring program for the period January 1 through December 31, 2004.

Dixon, J.P., Stihler, S.D., Power, J.A., Tytgat, Guy, Estes, Steve, Prejean, Stephanie, Sanchez, J.J., Sanches, Rebecca, McNutt, S.R., and Paskievitch, John, 2005, Catalog of earthquake hypocenters at Alaskan volcanoes: January 1 through December 31, 2004: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2005-1312, 74 p., available online at http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1312/.
website with links to PDF and data files

"The Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO), a cooperative program of the U.S. Geological Survey, the Geophysical Institute of the University of Alaska Fairbanks, and the Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys, has maintained seismic monitoring networks at historically active volcanoes in Alaska since 1988 (Power and others, 1993; Jolly and others, 1996; Jolly and others, 2001; Dixon and others, 2002; Dixon and others, 2003). The primary objectives of this program are the near real time seismic monitoring of active, potentially hazardous, Alaskan volcanoes and the investigation of seismic processes associated with active volcanism. This catalog presents the calculated earthquake hypocenter and phase arrival data, and changes in the seismic monitoring program for the period January 1 through December 31, 2003."

Dixon, J. P., Stihler, S. D., Power, J. A., Tytgat, Guy, Moran, S. C., Sanchez, J. J., McNutt, S. R., Estes, Steve, and Paskievitch, John, 2004, Catalog of earthquake hypocenters at Alaskan volcanoes: January 1 through December 31, 2003: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report OF 2004-1234, 69 p.
website with links to PDF and data tar file
full-text PDF : 12.3 MB

"Recent explosive eruptions at some of Alaska's 41 historically active volcanoes have significantly affected air traffic over the North Pacific, as well as Alaska's oil, power, and fishing industries and local communities. Since its founding in the late 1980s, the Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) has installed new monitoring networks and used satellite data to track activity at Alaska's volcanoes, providing timely warnings and monitoring of frequent eruptions to the aviation industry and the general public. To minimize impacts from future eruptions, scientists at AVO continue to assess volcano hazards and to expand monitoring networks."

Brantley, S. R., McGimsey, R. G., and Neal, C. A., 2004, The Alaska Volcano Observatory - Expanded monitoring of volcanoes yields results: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet FS 2004-3084, 2 p.
full-text HTML
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"The Alaska---Aleutian island arc is well known for erupting both tholeiitic and calc-alkaline magmas. To investigate the relative roles of chemical and temporal controls in generating these contrasting liquid lines of descent we have undertaken a detailed study of tholeiitic lavas from Akutan volcano in the oceanic Aleutian arc and calc-alkaline products from Aniakchak volcano on the continental Alaskan Peninsula. The differences do not appear to be linked to parental magma composition."

George, R., Nye, C., Stelling, P., Dreher, S., Turner, S., Hawkesworth, C., and Bacon, C. R., 2004, Chemical versus temporal controls on the evolution of tholeiitic and calc-alkaline magmas at two volcanoes in the Alaska-Aleutian arc: Journal of Petrology, v. 45, n. 1, p. 203-219.

"Between October 12, 1989 and December 31, 2002, the Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) located 162 deep long-period (DLP) events beneath 11 volcanic centers in the Aleutian arc. These events generally occur at mid- to lower-crustal depths (10-45 km) and are characterized by emergent phases, extended codas, and a strong spectral peak between 1.0 and 3.0 Hz. Observed wave velocities and particle motions indicate that the dominant phases are P- and S-waves. DLP epicenters often extend over broad areas (5-20 km) surrounding the active volcanoes. The average reduced displacement of Aleutian DLPs is 26.5 cm2 and the largest event has a reduced displacement of 589 cm2 (or ML 2.5). Aleutian DLP events occur both as solitary events and as sequences of events with several occurring over a period of 1-30 min."

Power, J.A, Stihler, S.D., White, R.A., and Moran, S.C., 2004, Observations of deep long-period (DLP) seismic events beneath Aleutian Arc volcanoes: 1989-2002: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 138, p. 243-266.

"The development of improved analytical techniques has facilitated the application of short-lived isotopes to the study of magmatic processes, and resulted in a renewed interest in a number of other chronometers. Two approaches have been used to determine the time scales of magmatic processes. Isotopic dating provides absolute ages for the growth of mineral phases. This usually involves analyses of mineral separates such that the textural relations of the individual grains are difficult to establish. An exception is zircon, which can be analysed in situ. The second approach is to use relative chronometry based on major, trace element and isotope profiles in crystals that may have been modified by diffusion. These yield information on how long crystals were at a particular temperature, without indicating when this occurred."

Hawkesworth, Chris, George, Rhiannon, Turner, Simon, and Zellmer, Georg, 2004, Time scales of magmatic processes: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 218, n. 1-2, p. 1-16.

"Although research has addressed the distribution of prehistoric ethnic groups along the Alaska Peninsula, little effort has been devoted to understanding the effects attributable to massive volcanic eruptions in this volcano-ridden area. Following a suggestion that three volcanic ash deposits particularly well represented along Brooks River of the upper Naknek River drainage system represent deposition of ejecta from Aniakchak Volcano, 240 km to the southwest, this paper examines radiocarbon measurements relevant to those deposits and to airfall tephras along the Naknek River itself, on the Shelikof Straight slope of the Alaska Peninsula to the east, and in the upper Ugashik River drainage."

Dumond, D.E., 2004, Volcanism and history on the northern Alaska Peninsula: Arctic Anthropology, v. 41, n. 2, p. 112-125.

"The Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO), a cooperative program of the U.S. Geological Survey, the Geophysical Institute of the University of Alaska Fairbanks, and the Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys, has maintained seismic monitoring networks at historically active volcanoes in Alaska since 1988 (Power and others, 1993; Jolly and others, 1996; Jolly and others, 2001; Dixon and others, 2002). The primary objectives of this program are the seismic monitoring of active, potentially hazardous, Alaskan volcanoes and the investigation of seismic processes associated with active volcanism. This catalog presents the basic seismic data and changes in the seismic monitoring program for the period January 1, 2002 through December 31, 2002. Appendix G contains a list of publications pertaining to seismicity of Alaskan volcanoes based on these and previously recorded data."

Dixon, J. P., Stihler, S. D., Power, J. A., Tytgat, Guy, Moran, S. C., Sanchez, John, Estes, Steve, McNutt, S. R., and Paskievitch, John, 2003, Catalog of earthquake hypocenters at Alaskan volcanoes: January 1 through December 31, 2002: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report OF 03-0267, 58 p.
website with links to PDFs, data tar file
full-text PDF : 7.3 MB

"The Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO), a cooperative program of the U.S. Geological Survey, the Geophysical Institute of the University of Alaska Fairbanks, and the Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys, has maintained seismic monitoring networks at potentially active volcanoes in Alaska since 1988 (Power and others, 1993; Jolly and others, 1996; Jolly and others, 2001). The primary objectives of this program are the seismic surveillance of active, potentially hazardous, Alaskan volcanoes and the investigation of seismic processes associated with active volcanism. This catalog reflects the status and evolution of the seismic monitoring program, and presents the basic seismic data for the time period January 1, 2000, through December 31, 2001."

Dixon, J. P., Stihler, S. D., Power, J. A., Tytgat, Guy, Estes, Steve, Moran, S. C., Paskievitch, John, and McNutt, S. R., 2002, Catalog of earthquake hypocenters at Alaskan volcanoes: January 1, 2000 through December 31, 2001: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report OF 02-0342, 56 p.
webpage with links to PDFs, data tar file, ASCII text
full-text PDF : 5 MB

Schaefer, Janet, and Nye, C. J., 2002, Historically active volcanoes of the Aleutian Arc: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Miscellaneous Publication MP 0123, unpaged, 1 sheet, scale 1:3,000,000.
MrSID map sheet : 3.3 MB
page-size PDF : 700 KB
poster-size PDF : 4.87 MB

"Aniakchak is an active volcano located on the Alaska Peninsula 670 kilometers southwest of Anchorage. The volcano consists of a dramatic, 10-kilometer-diameter, 0.5 to 1.0-kilometer-deep caldera that formed during a catastrophic eruption 3,500 years ago. Since then, at least a dozen separate vents within the caldera have erupted, often explosively, to produce lava flows and widespread tephra (ash) deposits. The most recent eruption at Aniakchak occurred in 1931 and was one of the largest explosive eruptions in Alaska in the last 100 years. Although Aniakchak volcano presently shows no signs of unrest, explosive and nonexplosive eruptions will occur in the future. Awareness of the hazards posed by future eruptions is a key factor in minimizing impact."

Neal, Christina, McGimsey, R. G., Miller, T. P., Riehle, J. R., and Waythomas, C. F., 2001, Preliminary volcano-hazard assessment for Aniakchak Volcano, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report OF 00-0519, 35 p.
website with links to PDFs
full-text PDF : 24.2 MB
map sheet plate PDF (for viewing) : 3.1 MB

"The Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO), a cooperative program of the U.S. Geological Survey, the Geophysical Institute of the University of Alaska - Fairbanks, and the Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys, has maintained a seismic monitoring program at potentially active volcanoes in Alaska since 1988 (Power and others, 1993; Jolly and others, 1996). The primary objectives of this program are the seismic surveillance of active, potentially hazardous, Alaskan volcanoes and the investigation of seismic processes associated with active volcanism."

Jolly, A. D., Stihler, S. D., Power, J. A., Lahr, J. C., Paskievitch, John, Tytgat, Guy, Estes, Steve, Lockheart, A. D., Moran, S. C., McNutt, S. R., and Hammond, W. R., 2001, Catalog of earthquake hypocenters at Alaskan volcanoes: January 1, 1994 through December 31, 1999: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report OF 01-0189, 22 p.
website with links to PDFs, tar file
full-text PDF : 552 KB
appendix B PDF : 2 MB
phase arrival information (compressed tar file) : 14.5 MB

"More than 40 active volcanoes occur in Alaska. This report summarizes historical data on those volcanoes, using information drawn from the more thorough and comprehensive U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Open-File Report 98-582, Catalog of the Historically Active Volcanoes of Alaska."

Wallace, K. L., McGimsey, R. G., and Miller, T. P., 2000, Historically active volcanoes in Alaska, a quick reference: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet FS 0118-00, 2 p.
full-text PDF : 162 KB

Seismology is an important and effective tool for monitoring volcanoes and forecasting eruptions. In the past 2 decades there have been over 25 successful forecasts.

Sigurdsson, Haraldur, (ed.), 2000, Encyclopedia of volcanoes: San Diego, CA, Academic Press, 1417 p.

Alaska Volcano Observatory, 1999, January-April 1999: Alaska Volcano Observatory Bimonthly Report, v. 11, n. 1 and 2, 30 p.
Part 1 PDF : 385 KB
Part 2 PDF : 870 KB
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Alaska Volcano Observatory, 1999, May-August 1999: Alaska Volcano Observatory Bimonthly Report, v. 11, n. 3 and 4, 39 p.
Part 1 PDF : 399 KB
Part 2 PDF : 831 KB
Part 3 PDF : 736 KB
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Part 5 PDF : 91 KB

Alaska Volcano Observatory, 1999, September-December 1999: Alaska Volcano Observatory Bimonthly Report, v. 11, n. 5 and 6, 51 p.
Part 1 PDF : 425 KB
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A discontinuous pumiceous sand, a few centimeters to tens of centimeters thick, is located up to 15 m above mean high tide within Holocene peat along the northern Bristol Bay coastline of Alaska. The bed consists of fine-to-coarse, poorly to moderately wellsorted, pumice-bearing sand near the top of a 2-m-thick peat sequence. The sand bed contains rip-up clasts of peat and tephra and is unique in the peat sequence. Major element compositions of juvenile glass from the deposit and radiocarbon dating of enclosing peat support correlation of the pumiceous sand with the caldera-forming eruption of Aniakchak Volcano.

Waythomas, C. F., and Neal, C. A., 1998, Tsunami generation by pyroclastic flow during the 3500-year B.P. caldera-forming eruption of Aniakchak Volcano, Alaska: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 60, n. 2, p. 110-124.

Nye, C. J., Queen, Katherine, and McCarthy, A. M., 1998, Volcanoes of Alaska: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Information Circular IC 0038, unpaged, 1 sheet, scale 1:4,000,000, available at http://www.dggs.dnr.state.ak.us/pubs/pubs?reqtype=citation&ID=7043 .
website with links to sheets in MrSID format

Alaska hosts within its borders over 80 major volcanic centers that have erupted during Holocene time (<10,000 years). At least 29 of these volcanic centers (table 1) had historical eruptions and 12 additional volcanic centers may have had historical eruptions. Historical in Alaska generally means the period since 1760 when explorers, travelers, and inhabitants kept written records. These 41 volcanic centers have been the source for >265 eruptions reported from Alaska volcanoes.

Miller, T. P., McGimsey, R. G., Richter, D. H., Riehle, J. R., Nye, C. J., Yount, M. E., and Dumoulin, J. A., 1998, Catalog of the historically active volcanoes of Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report OF 98-0582, 104 p.
website with PDF links
title page PDF : 52
intro and TOC PDF : 268 KB
eastern part - Wrangell to Ukinrek Maars PDF : 972 KB
central part - Chiginagak to Cleveland PDF : 2,463 KB
western part - Carlisle to Kiska PDF : 956 KB
references PDF : 43 KB

Alaska Volcano Observatory, 1998, January-April 1998: Alaska Volcano Observatory Bimonthly Report, v. 10, n. 1 and 2, 35 p.
Part 1 PDF : 147 KB
Part 2 : 382 KB
Part 3 PDF : 375 KB

Alaska Volcano Observatory, 1998, May-August 1998: Alaska Volcano Observatory Bimonthly Report, v. 10, n. 3 and 4, 43 p.
Part 1PDF : 847 KB
Part 2 PDF : 630 KB
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Alaska Volcano Observatory, 1998, September-December 1998: Alaska Volcano Observatory Bimonthly Report, v. 10, n. 5 and 6, 51 p.
Part 1 PDF : 330 KB
Part 2 PDF : 919 KB
Part 3 PDF : 780 KB
Part 4 PDF : 276 KB
Part 5 PDF : 1.5 MB

"Alaska is home to more than 40 active volcanoes, many of which have erupted violently and repeatedly in the last 200 years. This compact disc (CD-ROM) contains 97 digital images created from 35-mm slides scanned by a Kodak PIW film scanner. These pictures are but a small fraction of thousands taken by Alaska Volcano Observatory scientists, other researchers, and private citizens. Photographs were selected for inclusion in this collection to portray Alaska's volcanoes, to document recent eruptive activity, and to illustrate the range of volcanic phenomena observed in Alaska."

Neal, Christina, and McGimsey, R. G., 1997, Volcanoes of the Alaska Peninsula and Aleutian Islands selected photographs: U.S. Geological Survey Digital Data Series DDS 0040, 1 CD-ROM.
website with links to HTML album, PDF, and individual images in a variety of formats
directory of high-resolution images (PCD format)
web browser photo album
PDF : 27 MB
directory of PDF slideshow files
directory of small screen images (JPG)
directory of large screen images (JPG)
captions file : 44 KB

Alaska Volcano Observatory, 1997, January-April 1997: Alaska Volcano Observatory Bimonthly Report, v. 9, n. 1 and 2, 51 p.
Part 1 PDF : 252 KB
Part 2 PDF : 2.8 MB
Part 3 PDF : 649 KB

Alaska Volcano Observatory, 1997, May-June 1997: Alaska Volcano Observatory Bimonthly Report, v. 9, n. 3, 23 p.
full-text PDF : 2.2 MB

Alaska Volcano Observatory, 1997, July-August 1997: Alaska Volcano Observatory Bimonthly Report, v. 9, n. 4, 31 p.
Part 1 PDF : 446 KB
Part 2 PDF : 435 KB
Part 3 PDF : 2 MB

Alaska Volcano Observatory, 1997, September-December 1997: Alaska Volcano Observatory Bimonthly Report, v. 9, n. 5 and 6, 17 p.
Part 1 PDF : 399 KB
Part 2 PDF : 531 KB

"The Alaska Peninsula is a 775-km-long southwestward extension of mainland Alaska (fig. 1). The peninsula is about 225 km wide at the northeast end and narrows to less than 10 km near the southwest end. The southeast side is bordered by rugged mountains that rise sharply out of the Pacific Ocean. Many large bays and fiords cut the southeast shoreline. The northwest side, bordering Bristol Bay, is level and rarely more than 100 m above sea level; the coastline is nearly smooth and is broken by only a few large bays. At least 37 principal volcanic centers dot the length of the peninsula, and at least 30 have erupted during the Holocene (Miller and Richter, 1994). The present Aleutian volcanic arc overlies an early Mesozoic magmatic arc and a middle Tertiary volcanic arc."

Detterman, R. L., Case, J. E., Miller, J. W., Wilson, F. H., and Yount, M. E., 1996, Stratigraphic framework of the Alaska Peninsula: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin B 1969-A, 74 p.
full-text PDF : 2.7 MB

"Because of their basin-like shape, calderas on many Alaskan volcanoes are geomorphic repositories for water, ice, and snow. The heat flux associated with these volcanoes enhances melting of ice and snow, and caldera lakes commonly result. The caldera rim is a type of natural dam that may impound a substantial amount of water depending on the size of the caldera and the integrity of the bedrock that forms the rim. Failure of a caldera dam and subsequent catastrophic drainage of the intracaldera lake can pose a serious hazard to life and property situated in the flood path (Bolt and others, 1977, p. 94-95). In this report of our preliminary observations, we present geomorphic and stratigraphic evidence for (1) a former extensive intracaldera lake at Aniakchak volcano, (2) catastrophic drainage of this lake by failure of the caldera rim dam, and (3) possible linkages between dam failure and the recent eruptive history of the volcano."

McGimsey, R. G., Waythomas, C. F., and Neal, C. A., 1994, High stand and catastrophic draining of intracaldera Surprise Lake, Aniakchak volcano, Alaska: in Till, A. B. and Moore, T. E., (eds.), Geologic studies in Alaska by the U.S. Geological Survey, 1993, U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin B 2107, p. 59-71.
full-text PDF : 15 MB

"Quaternary Aleutian volcanism extends for over 2,500 km, from Buldir Island on the west to Mount Hayes on the east (fig. 1). This belt of volcanic activity lies immediately north of the Aleutian trench, a convergent boundary between the North American and Pacific lithospheric plates."

Motyka, R. J., Liss, S. A., Nye, C. J., and Moorman, M. A., 1993, Geothermal resources of the Aleutian Arc: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Professional Report PR 0114, 17 p., 4 sheets, scale 1:1,000,000.
website with links to PDF and MrSID files

"This study was undertaken to develop a Quaternary history of the Katmai area using deposits preserved near Windy Creek. Detailed mapping and tephrochronology were used to accomplish this goal. Ukak drift (ca. 11,000 yr B.P.) forms moraines in the lower Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes. Katolinat drift (ca. 9,000 yr B.P.) records a less extensive glaciation."

Pinney, D. S., 1993, Late Quaternary glacial and volcanic stratigraphy near Windy Creek, Katmai National Park, Alaska: University of Alaska Fairbanks unpublished M.S. thesis, 185 p.
full-text PDF : 9.5 MB

Volcanism and tectonism in the eastern Aleutian arc are controlled by the subduction of the Pacific plate beneath the North American plate. Worldwide earthquake data and data from local seismic networks in Cook Inlet, on the Alaska Peninsula and on Kodiak Island have defined the arcuate plate boundary and the Wadati-Benioff zone. A calc-alkaline volcanic arc of approximately 20 volcanic centers is well developed above the subduction zone.

Kienle, J., Swanson, S. E., and Pulpan, H., 1983, Magmatism and subduction in the eastern Aleutian Arc: in Shimozuru, D. and Yokoyama, I., (eds.), Arc volcanism: physics and tectonics, IAVCEI symposium, Proceedings, Tokyo and Hakone, Japan, Aug. 3l -Sept. 5, 1981, Tokyo, Terra Scientific Publishing Co., p. 191-224.

"The Alaska Peninsula and Aleutian Islands form one of the conspicuously arcuate lines of volcanoes that border the Pacific Ocean. The name Aleutian Range is applied to this 1,600 mile long, narrow belt of peaks reaching from Mount Spurr opposite Anchorage to the island of Attu, close to the continent of Asia."

Powers, H. A., 1958, Alaska Peninsula-Aleutian Islands: in Williams, H., (ed.), Landscapes of Alaska, Los Angeles, CA, University of California Press, p. 61-75.

Coats, R. R., 1950, Volcanic activity in the Aleutian Arc: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin B 0974-B, p. 35-49, 1 sheet, scale unknown.
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"I shall never forget that second of June, 1931. To be perfectly candid, I was scared half to death. Mushing all winter through the storms of the frozen interior of Alaska, struggling through the blizzards along the Bering Sea, and finally fighting back up the Yukon in a battle against the spring thaws was nothing compared to an aeroplane flight."

Hubbard, B. R., 1932, Flying the moon craters: The Saturday Evening Post, v. 204, n. 29, January 16, p. 30, 46, 48.

"Notes on activities in the Aleutian Islands and in the Volcanoes on the Alaskan Peninsula were published in Volcano Letters Nos. 246 and 357. The year 1931 appears to have brought to a focus the unrest which appeared in several volcanoes in 1929 and 1930 by producing a considerable explosive eruption from Aniakchak Crater on the Peninsual 45 miles NNE from Chignik."

Jaggar, T. A., 1932, Aleutian eruptions 1930-1932: The Volcano Letter, v. 375, p. 1-4.
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"Aniakchak and Veniaminof craters were discovered by a Geological Survey party under R.H. Sargent in 1922, and W.B. Smith, geologist of the party, entered Aniakchak crater. In a second expedition in 1925 R.S. Knappen was geologist of the party."

Hubbard, B. R., 1931, Geologic features of Aniakchak and Veniaminof craters, Alaska [abs.]: Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, v. 21, n. 2, p. 29-30.

"The Rev. Bernard R. Hubbard, the "padre of the glaciers," is on one of the most daring aviation feats in history, an attempt to land inside the crater of the active volcano Aniakchak."

Unknown, 1931, Father Hubbard off to fly into volcano: The New York Times, v. LXXX, n. 26794, p. 29.

"Before attempting another survey of Aniakchak volcano from the air, Father Bernard Hubbard, "the glacier priest," left his base camp at Kujulik Bay yesterday to conquer the mountain on foot."

Associated Press, 1931, Driven back in plane, climbs volcano afoot: The New York Times, v. LXXX, n. 26804, p. 19.

"Man for the first time has flown over the crater of Aniakchak volcano, on the south shore of the Alaska peninsula, but only after a battle against the suction of air toward the hot crater, twenty-one miles in circumference."

Associated Press, 1931, Priest barely escapes plunge into crater in the first flight over Alaskan volcano: The New York Times, v. LXXX, n. 26803, p. 4.

"Father Bernard Hubbard, the "Glacier Priest," was safe today after a hazardous ascent of Aniakchak volcano, and a subsequent flight to the peak in which his plane, forced down by a squall, was saved from being wrecked with great difficulty."

Associated Press, 1931, Volcano climb made on skis by Hubbard: The New York Times, v. LXXX, n. 26812, p. 5.

"Father Bernard Hubbard, the 'glacier priest', has achieved the object of his Summer explorations with a 10,000-foot airplane flight across the "crater of the moon" of Aniakchak Volcano."

Associated Press, 1931, Father Hubbard flies over Alaskan volcano, finally spanning fiery "Crater of Moon": The New York Times, v. LXXX, n. 26840, p. 19.

"Father Bernard R. Hubbard, the Jesuit priest who flew over the Aniakchak volcano in the centre of the Alaskan Peninsula last May during the greatest eruption of modern times, arrived in New York yesterday from Alaska and told the first detailed story of hist adventures."

Unknown, 1931, Tells of his flight over active crater: The New York Times, v. LXXXI, n. 26925, p. 21.

"The seismograph observer, Mrs. Wendhab, reports from Dutch Harbor that the trader Mr. Schroder, who owns the store at Chichagof Harbor in Attu, came back from one of his voyages at the end of August and reported that on May 30, 1931, about 12 midnight (following), a very severe earthquake was felt at Attu."

Finch, R. H., 1931, Notes from the Aleutian Islands: The Volcano Letter, v. 357, p. 2-3.
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"A trek to a land of perpetual ice and snow, which will take him to a dozen isolated missions and finally to a volcano crater inside of which he will live for two months, will being this morning when Father Bernard H. Hubbard, head of the department of geology of the University of Santa Clara in California, leaves New York for Alaska."

Unknown, 1930, To live two months in active volcano: The New York Times, v. LXXX, n. 26627, p. 16.

Knappen, R. S., 1929, Geology and mineral resources of the Aniakchak district: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin B 0797, p. 161-223, 1 sheet, scale 1:250,000.
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"The discovery of a gigantic crater northwest of Aniakchak Bay (see fig. 11) closes what had been thought to be a wide gap in the extensive series of volcanoes occurring at irregular intervals for nearly 600 miles along the axial line of the Alaska Peninsula and the Aleutian Islands. In this belt there are more active and recently active volcanoes than in all the rest of North America. Exclusive of those on the west side of Cook Inlet, which, however, belong to the same group, this belt contains at least 42 active or well-preserved volcanoes and about half as many mountains suspected or reported to be volcanoes."

Smith, W. R., 1925, Aniakchak crater, Alaska Peninsula: in Mendenhall, W. C., (ed.), Shorter contributions to general geology, U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper PP 0132-J, p. 139-149, 4 plates, scale unknown.
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Smith, W. R., and Baker, A. A., 1924, The Cold Bay-Chignik District, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin B 0755-D, p. 151-222, 5 plates, scale 4 at 1:250,000 and 1 unknown.
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"The borders of the Pacific Ocean are studded with volcanoes and the products of volcanic activity. The volcanoes are arranged in crudely arc-shaped groups, and most of the arcs are conves toward the ocean. In addition to the bordering arcs, the Pacific contains many individual volcanic islands and a few non-arcuate groups of volcanic islands, like the Hawaiian Islands. The curving chain of volcanoes from Kiska Island near the western end of the Aleutian Islands to Mt. Spurr on the mainland constitutes one of the Pacific volcanic arcs. This report is concerned with the past activity of the volcanoes of this arc, herein called the Aleutian arc."

Coats, R. R., Past volcanic activity in the Aleutian arc: U.S. Geological Survey Volcano Investigations Report 1, 18 p.
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Kienle, Juergen (comp.), Volcano observations: Notes about volcanoes and volcanic eruptions collected, made, and stored by Juergen Kienle, on file at University of Alaska Fairbanks, Geophysical Institute, unpublished, unpaged.