Edgecumbe bibliography: all known references that deal with Edgecumbe.

A methodology to systematically rank volcanic threat was developed as the basis for prioritizing volcanoes for long-term hazards evaluations, monitoring, and mitigation activities.

Ewert, John, 2007, System for ranking relative threats of U.S. volcanoes: Natural Hazards Review, v. 8, n. 4, p. 112-124.

The National Volcano Early Warning System (NVEWS) is a proposed national-scale effort by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Volcano Hazards Program and its affiliated partners in the Consortium of U.S. Volcano Observatories (CUSVO) (http://www.cusvo.org) to ensure that volcanoes are monitored at a level commensurate with the threats they pose. Roughly half of the Nation's 169 young volcanoes are dangerous because of the manner in which they erupt and the communities and infrastructure within their destructive reach. Most U.S. volcanoes are located on sparsely populated Federal lands, but it is the threat to communities and infrastructure downstream and downwind, including to military and commercial aviation, that drives the need to properly monitor volcanic activity and provide forecasts and notifications of expected hazards.

Ewert, John, Guffanti, Marianne, Cervelli, Peter, and Quick, James, 2006, The National Volcano Early Warning System (NVEWS): U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet FS 2006-3142, 2 p., available at http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2006/3142 .
PDF on USGS server : 1 MB

"NVEWS - a National Volcano Early Warning System - is being formulated by the Consortium of U.S. Volcano Observatories (CUSVO) to establish a proactive, fully integrated, national-scale monitoring effort that ensures the most threatening volcanoes in the United States are properly monitored in advance of the onset of unrest and at levels commensurate with the threats posed. Volcanic threat is the combination of hazards (the destructive natural phenomena produced by a volcano) and exposure (people and property at risk from the hazards)."

Ewert, J.W., Guffanti, Marianne, and Murray, T.L., 2005, An assessment of volcanic threat and monitoring capabilities in the United States: framework for a National Volcano Early Warning System NVEWS: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report OF 2005-1164, 62 p.
full-text PDF : 2.90 MB

"With April Fool's Day right around the corner, the Sentinel turned to one of Sitka's most celebrated pranksters to set the record straight about one of Sitka's most celebrated pranks: the 'eruption' of Mt. Edgecumbe."

Bernard, Chris, 2002, April Fool's Day: Sitka legend lives on: Sitka Weekend, Daily Sitka Sentinel, Friday, March 29, 2002, p. 1.

Nye, C. J., Queen, Katherine, and McCarthy, A. M., 1998, Volcanoes of Alaska: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Information Circular IC 0038, unpaged, 1 sheet, scale 1:4,000,000, available at http://www.dggs.dnr.state.ak.us/pubs/pubs?reqtype=citation&ID=7043 .
website with links to sheets in MrSID format

Beget, J. E., and Motyka, R. J., 1998, New dates on Late Pleistocene dacitic tephra from the Mount Edgecumbe volcanic field, southeastern Alaska: Quaternary Research, v. 49, n. 1, p. 123-125.

Mount Edgecumbe, a beautifully symmetric cone on southern Kruzof Island, is one of southeastern Alaska's striking landmarks. The volcanic origin of the mountain has long been recognized: it is referred to even in Tlingit lengends as a smoking volcano. Russian explorers and settlers referred to the volcano by several names, including St. Lazarus (a name now given to a small island off the coast of Kruzof Island). The mountain was given its present name in 1778 by Captain James Cook. In 1803, Urey Lisianski climbed the volcano and deduced that, because ash and pumice on the mountain appeared so weathered, the volcano must have been inactive for some time.

Riehle, J. R., 1996, The Mount Edgecumbe volcanic field: a geologic history: Anchorage, AK?, U.S. Department of Agriculture, US Forest Service, 42 p.
full-text PDF : 6320 KB

Loney, R. A., Brew, D. A., Muffler, L. J. P., and Pomeroy, J. S., 1975, Reconnaissance geology of Chichagof, Baranof, and Kruzof Islands, southeastern Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper PP 0792, 105 p., 4 sheets, scale 1:250,000.
full-text PDF : 5.2 MB
plate 1 PDF : 12.3 MB
plate 2 PDF : 9.5 MB
plate 3 PDF : 2 MB
plate 4 PDF : 3.4 MB

"Mount Edgecumbe is an inactive volcano 26 kilometers west of Sitka, Alaska (figs. 1, 2, and 3). The mountain is part of a Pleistocene and Holocene volcanic field that covers about 260 square kilometers on the southern end of Kruzof Island. The field consists of gently dipping flows, composite cones, and air-fall ash and lapilli. Augite basalt seems to be the most common rock type; olivine basalt, basaltic andesite, hypersthene dacite, and quartz latite are also present."

Brew, D. A., Muffler, L. J. Patrick., and Loney, R. R., 1969, Reconnaissance geology of the Mount Edgecumbe volcanic field, Kruzof Island, southeastern Alaska: in Geological Survey research 1969, Chapter D, U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper PP 0650-D, p. D1-D18.
full-text PDF : 942 KB

Berg, H. C., and Hinckley, D. W., 1963, Reconnaissance geology of northern Baranof Island, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin B 1141-O, p. O1-O24, 1 sheet, scale 1:125,000.
full-text PDF : 402 KB
plate 1 PDF : 23 MB

"The Aleutian volcanic belt begins on the east at the head of Cook Inlet, in southern Alaska, and extends westward through the Alaskan peninsula and the Aleutian Islands. This is a narrow belt nearly 1,600 miles long."

Coleman, S. N., 1946, Alaska and the Aleutian belt: chapter 16 of Volcanoes, New and Old, New York, The John Day Company, p. 155-165.

"It is alsow shown that the amount of hydrofluoric acid emitted by the fumaroles in the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes is less than the amount of hydrochloric acid but that it is of a similar order of magnitude."

Jaggar, T. A., 1928, Volcano research of the United States Geological Survey: Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, v. 18, n. 19, p. 512-515.

The first author to take up the subject of Alaskan volcanos systematically was Constantine Grewingk in 1850. He gathered from all previous accessible sources such as data existed on record, and his work is the classical source of such information.

Dall, W. H., 1918, Reminiscences of Alaskan volcanoes: Scientific Monthly, v. 7, n. 1, p. 80-90.

Sapper, Karl, 1917, Katalog der geschichtlichen vulkanausbruche: Strassburg, Germany, Karl J. Trubner, 358 p.

"In Alaska, and especially on the Aleutian islands, active and recently extinct volcanoes are so numerous that an attempt to give a detailed record of the various reports concerning them that have been made would lead to confusion."

Russell, I. C., 1910, Volcanoes of North America: London, The Macmillan Company, 346 p.

"During the excursion season of 1892 many thousand tourists visited Alaska. All were delighted--charmed; and all make the same report and tell the same story of the matchless grandeur of the trip, of the midnight sun, of the placid waters, of the aurora borealis, of the majestic mountains, of the inland seas, of the mighty glaciers, of the thundering iceberg plunging into the sea and floating off in its glory of inimitable splendor, of the wealth of fish, timber, and minerals, of the queer customs of the natives, of the novelty and startling incidents that may well make the trip the object of a lifetime. There is nothing like it."

Scidmore, E. R., 1899, Appleton's guide-book to Alaska and the northwest coast, including the shores of Washington, British Columbia, southeastern Alaska, the Aleutian and Seal Islands, the Bering and the Arctic coasts: New York, D. Appleton and Co., 167 p.
website, first page of document, with links to successive pages

"The list of shocokcs printed in 1887, and those compiled during succeeding years, contained many reported "eruptions" of mountains in the Puget Sound region. For a number of years I made it my business to apply by letter to intelligent observers in that neighborhood to determine whether MOunt Baker and the other mountains had ever certainly been known to be in eruption."

Plummer, F. G., 1898, Reported volcanic eruptions in Alaska, Puget Sound, etc., 1690-1896: in Holden, E. S., (ed.), A Catalogue of Earthquakes on the Pacific Coast 1769-1897, Smithsonian Institution Miscellaneous Collections 1087, City of Washington D.C., Smithsonian Institution, p. 24-27.

"It is very certain that volcanic activity has existed at numerous points along the northwestern coast of America from the Golden Gate northward in comparatively recent times. Less certainty exists in this newly settled region as to historical outbursts."

Becker, G. F., 1898, Reconnaissance of the gold fields of southern Alaska with some notes on general geology: U.S. Geological Survey Annual Report 0018, p. 1-86, 6 sheets, scale unknown.
full-text PDF : 1.5 MB

"The largest of this group is the island of Atkha. It resembles Oonalashka in shape, but its indentations are less deep and not so easily accessible. Near the north point of the island there is a volcano called the Korovinsky, nearly 5,000 feet in height, and a few miles to the south another rises to almost the same elevation."

Petroff, Ivan, 1884, The volcanic region of Alaska: in Population, Industries, and Resources of Alaska, Washington DC, Government Printing Office, p. 93-96.
full-text PDF : 10.9 MB

Dall, W. H., 1870, Alaska and its resources: Boston, Lee and Shepard, 627 p.

Kienle, Juergen (comp.), Volcano observations: Notes about volcanoes and volcanic eruptions collected, made, and stored by Juergen Kienle, on file at University of Alaska Fairbanks, Geophysical Institute, unpublished, unpaged.