Martin bibliography: all known references that deal with Martin.

"Volcanic eruption plumes and subsequent drifting ash clouds from North Pacific volcanoes have caused delays in flight operations nationwide and substantial damage to aircraft and equipment. Volcanic ash also has caused difficulties in Alaskan communities, ranging from property damage to health hazards. This operating plan provides an overview of multiple agency integrated operations in response to the threat of volcanic ash affecting Alaska, and an agency-by-agency description of roles and responsibilities in such events. A cohesive, well coordinated response will result in the flow of timely and consistent information to those at risk."

Madden, John, Murray, T.L., Carle, W.J., Cirillo, M.A., Furgione, L.K., Trimpert, M.T., and Hartig, Larry (signatories), 2008, Alaska interagency operating plan for volcanic ash episodes, 52 p.
full-text PDF : 907 KB

Since 1988, the Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) has been monitoring volcanic activity across the state, conducting scientific research on volcanic processes, producing volcano-hazard assessments, and informing both the public and emergency managers of volcanic unrest. Below are some examples of the activity at Alaska's volcanoes that have held the attention of AVO staff.

Schaefer, J.R., and Nye, Chris, 2008, The Alaska Volcano Observatory - 20 years of volcano research, monitoring, and eruption response: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, Alaska GeoSurvey News, NL 2008-001, v. 11, n. 1, p. 1-9, available at http://wwwdggs.dnr.state.ak.us/pubs/pubs?reqtype=citation&ID=16061 .
ADGGS website with link to PDF
full-text PDF on AVO's server : 5.68 MB

The three-dimensional P-wave velocity structure beneath the Katmai group of volcanoes is determined by inversion of more than 10,000 rays from over 1000 earthquakes recorded on a local 18 station short-period network between September 1996 and May 2001. The inversion is well constrained from sea level to about 6 km below sea level and encompasses all of the Katmai volcanoes; Martin, Mageik, Trident, Griggs, Novarupta, Snowy, and Katmai caldera. The inversion reduced the average RMS travel-time error from 0.22 s for locations from the standard one-dimensional model to 0.13 s for the best three-dimensional model. The final model, from the 6th inversion step, reveals a prominent low velocity zone (3.6-5.0 km/s) centered at Katmai Pass and extending from Mageik to Trident volcanoes.

Jolly, A.D., Moran, S.C., McNutt, S.R., and Stone, D.B., 2007, Three-dimensional P-wave velocity structure derived from local earthquakes at the Katmai group of volcanoes, Alaska: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 159, p. 326-342, doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2006.06.022.

At least 15 explosive eruptions from the Katmai cluster of volcanoes and another nine from other volcanoes on the Alaska Peninsula are preserved as tephra layers in syn- and post-glacial (Last Glacial Maximum) loess and soil sections in Katmai National Park, AK. About 400 tephra samples from 150 measured sections have been collected between Kaguyak volcano and Mount Martin and from Shelikof Strait to Bristol Bay (8,500 km2). Five tephra layers are distinctive and widespread enough to be used as marker horizons in the Valley of Ten thousand Smokes area, and 140 radiocarbon dates on enclosing soils have established a time framework for entire soil-tephra sections to 10 ka; the white rhyolitic ash from the 1912 plinian eruption of Novarupta caps almost all sections. Stratigraphy, distribution and tephra characteristics have been combined with microprobe analyses of glass and FeTi oxide minerals to correlate ash layers with their source vents.

Fierstein, Judy, 2007, Explosive eruptive record in the Katmai region, Alaska Peninsula: an overview: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 69, n. 5, p. 469-509, doi:10.1007/s00445-006-0097-y.

A methodology to systematically rank volcanic threat was developed as the basis for prioritizing volcanoes for long-term hazards evaluations, monitoring, and mitigation activities.

Ewert, John, 2007, System for ranking relative threats of U.S. volcanoes: Natural Hazards Review, v. 8, n. 4, p. 112-124.

This report presents gas emission rates from data collected during numerous airborne plume-measurement flights at Alaskan volcanoes since 1995. These flights began in about 1990 as means to establish baseline values of volcanic gas emissions during periods of quiescence and to identify anomalous levels of degassing that might signal the beginning of unrest. The primary goal was to make systematic measurements at the major volcanic centers around the Cook Inlet on at least an annual basis, and more frequently during periods of unrest and eruption.

Doukas, M.P., and McGee, K.A., 2007, A compilation of gas emission-rate data from volcanoes of Cook Inlet (Spurr, Crater Peak, Redoubt, Iliamna, and Augustine) and Alaska Peninsula (Douglas, Fourpeaked, Griggs, Mageik, Martin, Peulik, Ukinrek Maars, and Veniaminof), Alaska, from 1995-2006: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1400, 13 p., available at http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1400/ .
USGS website with link to PDF
full-text PDF on AVO server : 281 KB

The Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) responded to eruptive activity or suspected volcanic activity at or near 16 volcanoes in Alaska during 2005, including the high profile precursory activity associated with the 2005–06 eruption of Augustine Volcano.

McGimsey, R.G., Neal, C.A., Dixon, J.P., and Ushakov, Sergey, 2007, 2005 Volcanic activity in Alaska, Kamchatka, and the Kurile Islands: Summary of events and response of the Alaska Volcano Observatory: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2007-5269, 94 p., available at http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2007/5269/ .
USGS website with link to PDF

"NVEWS - a National Volcano Early Warning System - is being formulated by the Consortium of U.S. Volcano Observatories (CUSVO) to establish a proactive, fully integrated, national-scale monitoring effort that ensures the most threatening volcanoes in the United States are properly monitored in advance of the onset of unrest and at levels commensurate with the threats posed. Volcanic threat is the combination of hazards (the destructive natural phenomena produced by a volcano) and exposure (people and property at risk from the hazards)."

Ewert, J.W., Guffanti, Marianne, and Murray, T.L., 2005, An assessment of volcanic threat and monitoring capabilities in the United States: framework for a National Volcano Early Warning System NVEWS: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report OF 2005-1164, 62 p.
full-text PDF : 2.90 MB

The Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) tracks activity at the more than 40 historically active volcanoes of the Aleutian Arc (fig. 1). As of December 31, 2002, 24 of these volcanoes are monitored with short-period seismometer networks (fig. 2). AVO's monitoring program also includes daily analysis of satellite imagery supported by occasional over flights and compilation of pilot reports,observations of local residents, and observations of mariners. In 2002, AVO responded to eruptive activity or suspect volcanic activity at 6 volcanic centers in Alaska - Wrangell, the Katmai Group, Veniaminof, Shishaldin, Emmons Lake (Hague), and Great Sitkin volcanoes (fig. 1; tables 1, 2).

Neal, C.A., McGimsey, R.G., and Girina, Olga, 2005, 2002 Volcanic activity in Alaska and Kamchatka: Summary of events and response of the Alaska Volcano Observatory: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report OF 2004-1058, 55 p., available online at http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1058/.
full-text PDF : 5.15 MB

2004 began quietly in Alaska, continuing a trend of little volcanic unrest that has persisted for several years. On January 9, AVO announced the beginning of formal seismic monitoring of Okmok Volcano following an extended period of calibration and improvement of the seismic network installed initially in 2002-2003. Gareloi and Tanaga volcanoes in the western Aleutians were added to the list of seismically monitored volcanoes in early June following determination of background seismicity. During the remainder of the year, AVO responded to volcanic unrest at three volcanoes in Alaska-Mount Spurr, Veniaminof, and Shishaldin.

Neal, C.A., McGimsey, R.G., Dixon, Jim, and Melnikov, Dimitry, 2005, 2004 volcanic activity in Alaska and Kamchatka: summary of events and response of the Alaska Volcano Observatory: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2005-1308, 71 p., http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1308/.
USGS website with link to PDF
full-text PDF : 4.82 MB

The primary objectives of the seismic program are the real-time seismic monitoring of active, potentially hazardous, Alaskan volcanoes and the investigation of seismic processes associated with active volcanism. This catalog presents the calculated earthquake hypocenter and phase arrival data, and changes in the seismic monitoring program for the period January 1 through December 31, 2004.

Dixon, J.P., Stihler, S.D., Power, J.A., Tytgat, Guy, Estes, Steve, Prejean, Stephanie, Sanchez, J.J., Sanches, Rebecca, McNutt, S.R., and Paskievitch, John, 2005, Catalog of earthquake hypocenters at Alaskan volcanoes: January 1 through December 31, 2004: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2005-1312, 74 p., available online at http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1312/.
website with links to PDF and data files

"The Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO), a cooperative program of the U.S. Geological Survey, the Geophysical Institute of the University of Alaska Fairbanks, and the Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys, has maintained seismic monitoring networks at historically active volcanoes in Alaska since 1988 (Power and others, 1993; Jolly and others, 1996; Jolly and others, 2001; Dixon and others, 2002; Dixon and others, 2003). The primary objectives of this program are the near real time seismic monitoring of active, potentially hazardous, Alaskan volcanoes and the investigation of seismic processes associated with active volcanism. This catalog presents the calculated earthquake hypocenter and phase arrival data, and changes in the seismic monitoring program for the period January 1 through December 31, 2003."

Dixon, J. P., Stihler, S. D., Power, J. A., Tytgat, Guy, Moran, S. C., Sanchez, J. J., McNutt, S. R., Estes, Steve, and Paskievitch, John, 2004, Catalog of earthquake hypocenters at Alaskan volcanoes: January 1 through December 31, 2003: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report OF 2004-1234, 69 p.
website with links to PDF and data tar file
full-text PDF : 12.3 MB

"Recent explosive eruptions at some of Alaska's 41 historically active volcanoes have significantly affected air traffic over the North Pacific, as well as Alaska's oil, power, and fishing industries and local communities. Since its founding in the late 1980s, the Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) has installed new monitoring networks and used satellite data to track activity at Alaska's volcanoes, providing timely warnings and monitoring of frequent eruptions to the aviation industry and the general public. To minimize impacts from future eruptions, scientists at AVO continue to assess volcano hazards and to expand monitoring networks."

Brantley, S. R., McGimsey, R. G., and Neal, C. A., 2004, The Alaska Volcano Observatory - Expanded monitoring of volcanoes yields results: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet FS 2004-3084, 2 p.
full-text HTML
full-text PDF : 260 KB

"Between October 12, 1989 and December 31, 2002, the Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) located 162 deep long-period (DLP) events beneath 11 volcanic centers in the Aleutian arc. These events generally occur at mid- to lower-crustal depths (10-45 km) and are characterized by emergent phases, extended codas, and a strong spectral peak between 1.0 and 3.0 Hz. Observed wave velocities and particle motions indicate that the dominant phases are P- and S-waves. DLP epicenters often extend over broad areas (5-20 km) surrounding the active volcanoes. The average reduced displacement of Aleutian DLPs is 26.5 cm2 and the largest event has a reduced displacement of 589 cm2 (or ML 2.5). Aleutian DLP events occur both as solitary events and as sequences of events with several occurring over a period of 1-30 min."

Power, J.A, Stihler, S.D., White, R.A., and Moran, S.C., 2004, Observations of deep long-period (DLP) seismic events beneath Aleutian Arc volcanoes: 1989-2002: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 138, p. 243-266.

In the fall of 1996 the Alaska Volcano Observatory recorded an unprecedented level of seismic and volcanic activity. The following were observed: (1) a swarm at Iliamna Volcano (August 1996 to mid-1997); (2) an eruption at Pavlof Volcano (September 1996 to December 1996); (3) a swarm at Martin/Mageik volcanoes (October 1996); (4) a swarm at Strandline Lake, which continued for several years (1996–1999); and (5) deformation of Mt. Peulik (inflation begins after October 1996 and ends in fall 1998), based on interpretation of interferometric synthetic aperture radar data.

McNutt, S.R., and Marzocchi, W., 2005, Simultaneous earthquake swarms and eruption in Alaska, fall 1996: Statistical significance and inference of a large aseismic slip event: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 94, n. 5, p. 1831-1841.

"The Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO), a cooperative program of the U.S. Geological Survey, the Geophysical Institute of the University of Alaska Fairbanks, and the Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys, has maintained seismic monitoring networks at historically active volcanoes in Alaska since 1988 (Power and others, 1993; Jolly and others, 1996; Jolly and others, 2001; Dixon and others, 2002). The primary objectives of this program are the seismic monitoring of active, potentially hazardous, Alaskan volcanoes and the investigation of seismic processes associated with active volcanism. This catalog presents the basic seismic data and changes in the seismic monitoring program for the period January 1, 2002 through December 31, 2002. Appendix G contains a list of publications pertaining to seismicity of Alaskan volcanoes based on these and previously recorded data."

Dixon, J. P., Stihler, S. D., Power, J. A., Tytgat, Guy, Moran, S. C., Sanchez, John, Estes, Steve, McNutt, S. R., and Paskievitch, John, 2003, Catalog of earthquake hypocenters at Alaskan volcanoes: January 1 through December 31, 2002: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report OF 03-0267, 58 p.
website with links to PDFs, data tar file
full-text PDF : 7.3 MB

Hildreth, Wes, and Fierstein, Judy, 2003, Geologic map of the Katmai volcanic cluster, Katmai National Park, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigation Series Map I 2778, unpaged, 1 sheet, scale 1:63,360.
website
full-text PDF : 23.9 MB

"Most procedures for routinely locating earthquake hypocenters within a local network are constrained to using laterally homogeneous velocity models to represent the Earth’s crustal velocity structure. As a result, earthquake location errors may arise due to actual lateral variations in the Earth’s velocity structure. Station corrections can be used to compensate for heterogeneous velocity structure near individual stations (Douglas, 1967; Pujol, 1988). The HYPOELLIPSE program (Lahr, 1999) used by the Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) to locate earthquakes in Cook Inlet and the Aleutian Islands is a robust and efficient program that uses one-dimensional velocity models to determine hypocenters of local and regional earthquakes. This program does have the capability of utilizing station corrections within it's earthquake location proceedure. The velocity structures of Cook Inlet and Aleutian volcanoes very likely contain laterally varying heterogeneities. For this reason, the accuracy of earthquake locations in these areas will benefit from the determination and addition of station corrections."

Searcy, C. K., 2003, Station corrections for the Katmai Region Seismic Network: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report OF 03-0403, 14 p.
webpage with link to PDF
full-text PDF : 1.5 MB

"The Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO), a cooperative program of the U.S. Geological Survey, the Geophysical Institute of the University of Alaska Fairbanks, and the Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys, has maintained seismic monitoring networks at potentially active volcanoes in Alaska since 1988 (Power and others, 1993; Jolly and others, 1996; Jolly and others, 2001). The primary objectives of this program are the seismic surveillance of active, potentially hazardous, Alaskan volcanoes and the investigation of seismic processes associated with active volcanism. This catalog reflects the status and evolution of the seismic monitoring program, and presents the basic seismic data for the time period January 1, 2000, through December 31, 2001."

Dixon, J. P., Stihler, S. D., Power, J. A., Tytgat, Guy, Estes, Steve, Moran, S. C., Paskievitch, John, and McNutt, S. R., 2002, Catalog of earthquake hypocenters at Alaskan volcanoes: January 1, 2000 through December 31, 2001: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report OF 02-0342, 56 p.
webpage with links to PDFs, data tar file, ASCII text
full-text PDF : 5 MB

"On the afternoon of June 6, 1912, a volcanic eruption cloud rose 100,000 ft (32 km) into the sky above the Katmai region, 280 miles (450 km) southwest of Anchorage on the Alaska Peninsula (Fig. 1). Explosions were even heard in Cordova, over 370 miles (600 km) away from the Alaska Peninsula. Winds pushed the ash cloud east and within a few hours, ash from a huge volcanic eruption began to fall on Kodiak Island, approximately 100 miles (170 km) southeast of the volcano."

Adleman, Jennifer, 2002, The great eruption of 1912: National Park Service Alaska Park Science Winter 2002, Anchorage, AK, http://www.nps.gov/akso/AKScience2002.pdf, p. 4-11.
full-text PDF : 1.54 MB

Schaefer, Janet, and Nye, C. J., 2002, Historically active volcanoes of the Aleutian Arc: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Miscellaneous Publication MP 0123, unpaged, 1 sheet, scale 1:3,000,000.
MrSID map sheet : 3.3 MB
page-size PDF : 700 KB
poster-size PDF : 4.87 MB

"The Katmai cluster is a 25-kilometer-long line of volcanoes along the Alaska Peninsula 450 kilometers southwest of Anchorage, including (from northeast to southwest) Snowy Mountain, Mount Griggs, Mount Katmai, Trident Volcano, Novarupta volcano, Mount Mageik, Mount Martin, and Alagogshak volcano. All but Alagogshak have erupted within the last 6,000 years, often explosively, to produce lava flows, domes, and widespread tephra (ash) deposits. No fewer than 15 eruptive episodes have originated from the Katmai cluster in postglacial time (within the last 10,000 years), each lasting days to tens of years and all of which could have produced ash clouds. Novarupta, a new vent in 1912, produced the world's largest eruption of the 20th century and sent ash around the globe. During that great eruption, nearby Mount Katmai collapsed, destroying its summit peaks and leaving behind a 2.5-kilometer-wide caldera, now filled with a 250-meter-deep lake. More recently, a new vent on Trident produced lava flows and ash plumes for at least 20 years, lasting from 1953 to 1974. Postglacial eruptions, vigorous fumaroles on Griggs, Trident, Mageik, and Martin, and continuing seismicity are good evidence of the potentially active state of the entire Katmai cluster. Any eruption of these volcanoes could affect air traffic, both overhead and on the ground, with severity of the ash-cloud hazard depending on the size of the eruption. An explosive eruption like that of Novarupta, 1912, could affect air traffic all over the North Pacific, Alaska, Canada, and the conterminous United States. Such an eruption might interrupt and inconvenience national and international commerce, perhaps for months, but Alaskan commerce would be temporarily devastated."

Fierstein, Judy, and Hildreth, Wes, 2001, Preliminary volcano-hazard assessment for the Katmai volcanic cluster, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report OF 00-0489, 50 p., 1 plate, scale not applicable.
full-text PDF : 28.8 MB

"The Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO), a cooperative program of the U.S. Geological Survey, the Geophysical Institute of the University of Alaska - Fairbanks, and the Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys, has maintained a seismic monitoring program at potentially active volcanoes in Alaska since 1988 (Power and others, 1993; Jolly and others, 1996). The primary objectives of this program are the seismic surveillance of active, potentially hazardous, Alaskan volcanoes and the investigation of seismic processes associated with active volcanism."

Jolly, A. D., Stihler, S. D., Power, J. A., Lahr, J. C., Paskievitch, John, Tytgat, Guy, Estes, Steve, Lockheart, A. D., Moran, S. C., McNutt, S. R., and Hammond, W. R., 2001, Catalog of earthquake hypocenters at Alaskan volcanoes: January 1, 1994 through December 31, 1999: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report OF 01-0189, 22 p.
website with links to PDFs, tar file
full-text PDF : 552 KB
appendix B PDF : 2 MB
phase arrival information (compressed tar file) : 14.5 MB

"More than 40 active volcanoes occur in Alaska. This report summarizes historical data on those volcanoes, using information drawn from the more thorough and comprehensive U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Open-File Report 98-582, Catalog of the Historically Active Volcanoes of Alaska."

Wallace, K. L., McGimsey, R. G., and Miller, T. P., 2000, Historically active volcanoes in Alaska, a quick reference: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet FS 0118-00, 2 p.
full-text PDF : 162 KB

Seismology is an important and effective tool for monitoring volcanoes and forecasting eruptions. In the past 2 decades there have been over 25 successful forecasts.

Sigurdsson, Haraldur, (ed.), 2000, Encyclopedia of volcanoes: San Diego, CA, Academic Press, 1417 p.

Alaska Volcano Observatory, 2000, January-February 2000: Alaska Volcano Observatory Bimonthly Report, v. 12, n. 1, 28 p.
Part 1 PDF : 239 KB
Part 2 PDF : 916 KB
Part 3 PDF : 469 KB

"The Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) monitors over 40 historically active volcanoes along the Aleutian Arc. Twenty are seismically monitored and for the rest, the AVO monitoring program relies mainly on pilot reports, observations of local residents and ship crews, and daily analysis of satellite images. In 1997, AVO responded to eruptive activity or suspect volcanic activity at 11 volcanic centers: Wrangell, Sanford, Shrub mud volcano, Iliamna, the Katmai group (Martin, Mageik, Snowy, and Kukak volcanoes), Chiginagak, Pavlof, Shishaldin, Okmok, Cleveland, and Amukta. Of these, AVO has real-time, continuously recording seismic networks at Iliamna, the Katmai group, and Pavlof. The phrase "suspect volcanic activity" (SVA), used to characterize several responses, is an eruption report or report of unusual activity that is subsequently determined to be normal or enhanced fumarolic activity, weather-related phenomena, or a non-volcanic event."

McGimsey, R. G., and Wallace, K. L., 1999, 1997 volcanic activity in Alaska and Kamchatka: Summary of events and response of the Alaska Volcano Observatory: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report OF 99-0448, 42 p.
website with PDF link
full-text PDF : 17 MB

Alaska Volcano Observatory, 1999, September-December 1999: Alaska Volcano Observatory Bimonthly Report, v. 11, n. 5 and 6, 51 p.
Part 1 PDF : 425 KB
Part 2 PDF : 1.7 MB
Part 3 PDF : 549 KB

"The feasibility of measureing volcanic deformation or monitoring deformation of active volcanoes using space-borne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) interferometry depends on the ability to maintain phase coherence over appropriate time intervals."

Lu, Z., and Freymueller, J. T., 1998, Synthetic aperture radar interferometry coherence analysis over Katmai volcano group, Alaska: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 103, n. B12, p. 29,887-29,894.

Nye, C. J., Queen, Katherine, and McCarthy, A. M., 1998, Volcanoes of Alaska: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Information Circular IC 0038, unpaged, 1 sheet, scale 1:4,000,000, available at http://www.dggs.dnr.state.ak.us/pubs/pubs?reqtype=citation&ID=7043 .
website with links to sheets in MrSID format

Alaska hosts within its borders over 80 major volcanic centers that have erupted during Holocene time (<10,000 years). At least 29 of these volcanic centers (table 1) had historical eruptions and 12 additional volcanic centers may have had historical eruptions. Historical in Alaska generally means the period since 1760 when explorers, travelers, and inhabitants kept written records. These 41 volcanic centers have been the source for >265 eruptions reported from Alaska volcanoes.

Miller, T. P., McGimsey, R. G., Richter, D. H., Riehle, J. R., Nye, C. J., Yount, M. E., and Dumoulin, J. A., 1998, Catalog of the historically active volcanoes of Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report OF 98-0582, 104 p.
website with PDF links
title page PDF : 52
intro and TOC PDF : 268 KB
eastern part - Wrangell to Ukinrek Maars PDF : 972 KB
central part - Chiginagak to Cleveland PDF : 2,463 KB
western part - Carlisle to Kiska PDF : 956 KB
references PDF : 43 KB

Alaska Volcano Observatory, 1998, January-April 1998: Alaska Volcano Observatory Bimonthly Report, v. 10, n. 1 and 2, 35 p.
Part 1 PDF : 147 KB
Part 2 : 382 KB
Part 3 PDF : 375 KB

Alaska Volcano Observatory, 1998, September-December 1998: Alaska Volcano Observatory Bimonthly Report, v. 10, n. 5 and 6, 51 p.
Part 1 PDF : 330 KB
Part 2 PDF : 919 KB
Part 3 PDF : 780 KB
Part 4 PDF : 276 KB
Part 5 PDF : 1.5 MB

"Alaska is home to more than 40 active volcanoes, many of which have erupted violently and repeatedly in the last 200 years. This compact disc (CD-ROM) contains 97 digital images created from 35-mm slides scanned by a Kodak PIW film scanner. These pictures are but a small fraction of thousands taken by Alaska Volcano Observatory scientists, other researchers, and private citizens. Photographs were selected for inclusion in this collection to portray Alaska's volcanoes, to document recent eruptive activity, and to illustrate the range of volcanic phenomena observed in Alaska."

Neal, Christina, and McGimsey, R. G., 1997, Volcanoes of the Alaska Peninsula and Aleutian Islands selected photographs: U.S. Geological Survey Digital Data Series DDS 0040, 1 CD-ROM.
website with links to HTML album, PDF, and individual images in a variety of formats
directory of high-resolution images (PCD format)
web browser photo album
PDF : 27 MB
directory of PDF slideshow files
directory of small screen images (JPG)
directory of large screen images (JPG)
captions file : 44 KB

Alaska Volcano Observatory, 1997, July-August 1997: Alaska Volcano Observatory Bimonthly Report, v. 9, n. 4, 31 p.
Part 1 PDF : 446 KB
Part 2 PDF : 435 KB
Part 3 PDF : 2 MB

Alaska Volcano Observatory, 1997, September-December 1997: Alaska Volcano Observatory Bimonthly Report, v. 9, n. 5 and 6, 17 p.
Part 1 PDF : 399 KB
Part 2 PDF : 531 KB

"The Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) responded to eruptive activity or suspected volcanic activity (SVA) at 6 volcanic centers in 1995 (tables 1, 2): Mount Martin (Katmai Group), Mount Veniaminof, Shishaldin, Makushin, Kliuchef/Korovin, and Kanaga. Of these, AVO has a realtime, continuously recording seismic network only at the Katmai Group. The remaining unmonitored volcanoes are located in sparsely populated and uninhabited areas of the Alaska Peninsula and the Aleutian Islands. For these volcanoes, the AVO monitoring program relies mainly on pilot reports, observations of local residents and ship crews, and analysis of satellite images. The phrase "suspected volcanic activity", used to characterize several responses, is an eruption report or report of unusual activity that is subsequently determined to be normal or enhanced fumarolic activity, weather-related phenomena, or a non-volcanic event."

McGimsey, R. G., and Neal, Christina, 1996, 1995 volcanic activity in Alaska and Kamchatka: summary of events and response of the Alaska Volcano Observatory: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report OF 96-0738, 22 p.
website with PDF and HTML links
full-text PDF : 1036 KB
full-text HTML

"The Alaska Peninsula is a 775-km-long southwestward extension of mainland Alaska (fig. 1). The peninsula is about 225 km wide at the northeast end and narrows to less than 10 km near the southwest end. The southeast side is bordered by rugged mountains that rise sharply out of the Pacific Ocean. Many large bays and fiords cut the southeast shoreline. The northwest side, bordering Bristol Bay, is level and rarely more than 100 m above sea level; the coastline is nearly smooth and is broken by only a few large bays. At least 37 principal volcanic centers dot the length of the peninsula, and at least 30 have erupted during the Holocene (Miller and Richter, 1994). The present Aleutian volcanic arc overlies an early Mesozoic magmatic arc and a middle Tertiary volcanic arc."

Detterman, R. L., Case, J. E., Miller, J. W., Wilson, F. H., and Yount, M. E., 1996, Stratigraphic framework of the Alaska Peninsula: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin B 1969-A, 74 p.
full-text PDF : 2.7 MB

Church, S. E., Riehle, J. R., and Goldfarb, R. J., 1994, Interpretation of exploration geochemical data for the Mount Katmai quadrangle and adjacent parts of the Afognak and Naknek quadrangles, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin B 2020, 67 p., 3 plates, scale 1:250,000.
full-text PDF : 3.6 MB
plate 1 PDF : 32 MB
plate 2 PDF : 34 MB
plate 3 PDF : 32 MB

"Quaternary Aleutian volcanism extends for over 2,500 km, from Buldir Island on the west to Mount Hayes on the east (fig. 1). This belt of volcanic activity lies immediately north of the Aleutian trench, a convergent boundary between the North American and Pacific lithospheric plates."

Motyka, R. J., Liss, S. A., Nye, C. J., and Moorman, M. A., 1993, Geothermal resources of the Aleutian Arc: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Professional Report PR 0114, 17 p., 4 sheets, scale 1:1,000,000.
website with links to PDF and MrSID files

Hildreth, Wes, and Fierstein, Judy, 1987, Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes, Katmai National Park, Alaska: in Cordilleran Section of the Geological Society of America, Geological Society of America Centennial Field Guide 0006, v. 1, p. 425-432.
full-text PDF : 247 KB

Volcanism and tectonism in the eastern Aleutian arc are controlled by the subduction of the Pacific plate beneath the North American plate. Worldwide earthquake data and data from local seismic networks in Cook Inlet, on the Alaska Peninsula and on Kodiak Island have defined the arcuate plate boundary and the Wadati-Benioff zone. A calc-alkaline volcanic arc of approximately 20 volcanic centers is well developed above the subduction zone.

Kienle, J., Swanson, S. E., and Pulpan, H., 1983, Magmatism and subduction in the eastern Aleutian Arc: in Shimozuru, D. and Yokoyama, I., (eds.), Arc volcanism: physics and tectonics, IAVCEI symposium, Proceedings, Tokyo and Hakone, Japan, Aug. 3l -Sept. 5, 1981, Tokyo, Terra Scientific Publishing Co., p. 191-224.

Calc-alkaline volcanism and oceanic plate subduction are intimately linked in the eastern Aleutian arc. The volcanic arc is segmented: larger caldera-forming volcanic centers tend to be located near segment boundaries. Intrasegment volcanoes form smaller stratocones. Ten of the 22 volcanoes that make up the 540 km long volcanic front in the eastern Aleutian arc have erupted in recorded history and another six show hydrothermal activity.

Kienle, Juergen, and Swanson, S. E., 1983, Volcanism in the eastern Aleutian Arc: late Quaternary and Holocene centers, tectonic setting and petrology: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 17, n. 1-4, p. 393-432.

"The National Geographic Society's first grant to Robert F. Griggs in 1915 and the second in 1916 where made particularly to study the return of plant life in an area buried depp under sterile volcanic ash from the great eruption of June 1912 in the Katmai region of Alaska."

Higbie, R. G., 1975, The Katmai eruption and the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes: in 1890-1954 projects, National Geographic Society Research Report 0008, p. 141-170.

Keller, A. S., and Reiser, H. N., 1959, Geology of the Mount Katmai area, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin B 1058-G, p. 261-298, 2 sheets, scale 1:250,000.
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"The Alaska Peninsula and Aleutian Islands form one of the conspicuously arcuate lines of volcanoes that border the Pacific Ocean. The name Aleutian Range is applied to this 1,600 mile long, narrow belt of peaks reaching from Mount Spurr opposite Anchorage to the island of Attu, close to the continent of Asia."

Powers, H. A., 1958, Alaska Peninsula-Aleutian Islands: in Williams, H., (ed.), Landscapes of Alaska, Los Angeles, CA, University of California Press, p. 61-75.

"Recent studies have cast much doubt on Fenner's interpretation of the 1912 eruptions in the Katmai region. There is no evidence that a sill of rhyolitic magma was injected under the floor of the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokeds. The glowing avalanches that swept down the valley issued mainly from swarms of vertical fissures near the head of the valley."

Williams, Howel, Curtis, G. H., and Juhle, R. W., 1956, Mount Katmai and the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes, Alaska (a new interpretation of the great eruptions of 1912) [abs.]: in Pacific Science Congress, 8, Proceedings, v. 2, p. 129.

"The combination of geological and meteorlogical circumstances which on July 9, 1953, caused a 1/4-in. layer of volcanic ash to be deposited on the city of Anchorage (1, 2) focused popular attention on volcanic activity at the northern end of the Aleutian Range."

Muller, E. H., Juhle, R. W., and Coulter, H. W., 1954, Current volcanic activity in Katmai National Monument (Alaska): Science, v. 119, n. 3088, p. 319-321.

Trident Volcano, in Alaska, continues in mild activity. The lava flow issuing about a mile southwest of the old crater of Trident continued to grow slowly until June 2. George Snyder, geologist of the U.S. Geological Survey, reports that between June 2 and June 17 the rate of growth of the flow increased markedly.

MacDonald, G. A., 1953, Activity of Trident Volcano: The Volcano Letter, v. 520, p. 5-6.
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"On June 7, 1912, the people in Seward heard a series of explosions that sounded like heavy blasting. High overhead, a tremendous mist-like cloud formed, blotting out the brightness of the sun and turning it copper colored. For the following three days, the cloud hung over the city, gradually settling closer to the earth, and the buildings, yards and streets were covered with a fine coating of ash."

Horner, M. A., and Brain, Gladys, 1947, First into Katmai: Alaska Life, v. 10, n. 1, p. 6-7, 24-26.

"The Aleutian volcanic belt begins on the east at the head of Cook Inlet, in southern Alaska, and extends westward through the Alaskan peninsula and the Aleutian Islands. This is a narrow belt nearly 1,600 miles long."

Coleman, S. N., 1946, Alaska and the Aleutian belt: chapter 16 of Volcanoes, New and Old, New York, The John Day Company, p. 155-165.

"Mr. Austin E. Jones, seismologist for the Section of Volcanology, has spent the summer at Dutch Harbor and Kodiak establishing seismograph stations. He reports that a party landed on Bogoslof Volcano July 27, 1929, and found it very quiet."

Jaggar, T. A., 1929, Aleutian notes: The Volcano Letter, v. 246, p. 1.
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"The foregoing account illustrates how much is needed for a reliable scientific station for collecting and verifying reports of activity from the forty-five potentially eruptible volcanoes of the Aleutian volcano chain, extending from Mount Spurr to Buldir."

Jaggar, T. A., 1927, Aleutian volcanology: The Volcano Letter, v. 147, p. 1.
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"The Seattle "News-Tribue" carries an Associated Press dispatch of the date September 30 stating that Mageik Volcano of the Katmai group erupted explosively "late in August" (1927). The authority quoated is Captain Harry W. Crosby, President of the Crosby Fisheries, who spent the summer aboard his schooner-cannery "Salmon King" in the northeast arm of Uganik Bay on the northwest side of Kodiak Island."

Jaggar, T. A., 1927, Eruption of Mageik in Alaska: The Volcano Letter, v. 147, p. 1.
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"In the course of two seasons of field work in the Katmai region, in 1919 and 1923, a considerable collection was made of the various igneous rocks occurring there. The principal object in visiting the region was a study of the phenomena of the great eruption if 1912, and it was not possible, in the limited time available, to make a thorough investigation of former igneous activity."

Fenner, C. N., 1926, The Katmai magmatic province: Journal of Geology, v. 34, n. 7, p. 673-772.

Smith, W. R., and Baker, A. A., 1924, The Cold Bay-Chignik District, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin B 0755-D, p. 151-222, 5 plates, scale 4 at 1:250,000 and 1 unknown.
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"The Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes was discovered by R.F. Griggs in 1916. His reports indicated such unusual fumarolic activity that several expeditions were sent to the region by the National Geographic Society under the leadership of Professor Griggs in order to study the geological and chemical features of this phase of volcanism."

Zies, E. G., 1924, The fumarolic incrustations in the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes: National Geographic Society Contributed Technical Papers, Katmai Series 0003, p. 157-179.

Of the work done by the last expedition (1919) Dr. Escher has seen only the popular account in the National Geographic Magazine, September, 1921, Volc. 40 pp. 219--292. This account, written for the 725,000 members of the National Geographic Society, was manifestly no the proper place for a technical presentation of the detailed data which the geologist requires as the basis for his conclusions.

Griggs, R. F., 1923, Observations on the incandescent sand flow of the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes: Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen, Amsterdam, Proceedings Ser. Science, v. 25, p. 42-50.

The following pages tell the story of the discovery by the National Geographic Society expeditions of one of the wonders of the world, "The Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes," and the prolonged study of one of the most gigantic volcanic eruptions in history.

Griggs, R. F., 1922, The Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes: Washington, DC, National Geographic Society, 340 p., 3 sheets, scale unknown.

"From the first accounts of the explosion of Katmai Volcano, in Alaska, in June, 1912, it was clear that it must rank among the dozen greatest historic eruptions. Nevertheless, these early narratives contained no accounts of the events of the eruption itself, but were confined to the description of its effects at great distances."

Griggs, R. F., 1921, Our greatest national monument: The National Geographic Society completes its explorations in the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes: National Geographic Magazine, v. 40, n. 3, p. 219-292.

"The great volcanic explosion of June, 1912, in Southwestern Alaska which blew out the Katmai crater to a depth of over 3,700 feet, distributing more than two cubic miles of ash and pumice over the surrounding country, left on the Behring Sea slope of the Aleutian Peninsula in the Valley of 10,000 Smokes an excellent opportunity for studying the chemical nature of the gaseous emanations characteristic of the eruption."

Shipley, J. W., 1920, Some chemical observations on the volcanic emanations and incrustations in the Valley of 10,000 Smokes, Katmai, Alaska: American Journal of Science, v. 50, p. 141-153.

"The fumarole activity following and continuing after the great Katmai eruption of June, 1912, has provided south-western Alaska with the first among the natural wonders of the world."

Shipley, J. W., 1920, The nature of the Katmai volcanic gasses and encrustations: Nature, v. 104, p. 595-597.

"As we explored the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes, the first thing that attracted our attention, when we could look beyond the smokes themselves, was a curious line that encircled the Valley almost like the high water mark of a flood."

Griggs, R. F., 1919, The great hot mud flow of the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes (Katmai, Alaska): in Scientific Results of the Katmai Expedition of the National Geographic Society Paper III, The Ohio Journal of Science, v. 19, p. 117-142.

"Rock strata superheated since the great eruption underlie Katmai near enough to the surface to turn to instant steam the spring and drainage water of many a surrounding mile of foot hills."

Shipley, J. W., 1919, Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes: Science, v. 49, n. 1277, p. 489-491.

"When the members of the Katmai Expedition of the National Geographic Society, looking through Katmai Pass, first beheld below them the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes, it was at once evident that one of the great wonders of the world had been discovered."

Griggs, R. F., 1918, The Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes: an account of the discovery and exploration of the most wonderful volcanic region in the world: National Geographic Magazine, v. 33, n. 2, p. 115-169.

"The next day, July 31, dawned as clear and bright as the former; but the cloud from Mageik this time drifted off to the northwest, and small clouds were beginning to gather on the west side of the valley, so that I knew it was to be the last day of good weather."

Griggs, R. F., 1917, The Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes: National Geographic Society explorations in the Katmai district of Alaska: National Geographic Magazine, v. 31, n. 1, p. 13-68.

"The borders of the Pacific Ocean are studded with volcanoes and the products of volcanic activity. The volcanoes are arranged in crudely arc-shaped groups, and most of the arcs are conves toward the ocean. In addition to the bordering arcs, the Pacific contains many individual volcanic islands and a few non-arcuate groups of volcanic islands, like the Hawaiian Islands. The curving chain of volcanoes from Kiska Island near the western end of the Aleutian Islands to Mt. Spurr on the mainland constitutes one of the Pacific volcanic arcs. This report is concerned with the past activity of the volcanoes of this arc, herein called the Aleutian arc."

Coats, R. R., Past volcanic activity in the Aleutian arc: U.S. Geological Survey Volcano Investigations Report 1, 18 p.
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Kienle, Juergen (comp.), Volcano observations: Notes about volcanoes and volcanic eruptions collected, made, and stored by Juergen Kienle, on file at University of Alaska Fairbanks, Geophysical Institute, unpublished, unpaged.