Okmok bibliography: all known references that deal with Okmok.

Fournier, Tom, Freymueller, Jeff, and Cervelli, Peter, 2009, Tracking magma volume recovery at Okmok volcano using GPS and an unscented Kalman filter: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 114, B02405, 18 p., doi:10.1029/2008JB005837 .

"Volcanic eruption plumes and subsequent drifting ash clouds from North Pacific volcanoes have caused delays in flight operations nationwide and substantial damage to aircraft and equipment. Volcanic ash also has caused difficulties in Alaskan communities, ranging from property damage to health hazards. This operating plan provides an overview of multiple agency integrated operations in response to the threat of volcanic ash affecting Alaska, and an agency-by-agency description of roles and responsibilities in such events. A cohesive, well coordinated response will result in the flow of timely and consistent information to those at risk."

Madden, John, Murray, T.L., Carle, W.J., Cirillo, M.A., Furgione, L.K., Trimpert, M.T., and Hartig, Larry (signatories), 2008, Alaska interagency operating plan for volcanic ash episodes, 52 p.
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Since 1988, the Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) has been monitoring volcanic activity across the state, conducting scientific research on volcanic processes, producing volcano-hazard assessments, and informing both the public and emergency managers of volcanic unrest. Below are some examples of the activity at Alaska's volcanoes that have held the attention of AVO staff.

Schaefer, J.R., and Nye, Chris, 2008, The Alaska Volcano Observatory - 20 years of volcano research, monitoring, and eruption response: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, Alaska GeoSurvey News, NL 2008-001, v. 11, n. 1, p. 1-9, available at http://wwwdggs.dnr.state.ak.us/pubs/pubs?reqtype=citation&ID=16061 .
ADGGS website with link to PDF
full-text PDF on AVO's server : 5.68 MB

The Alaska Volcano Observatory was founded in 1988 after the eruptions at Cook Inlet's Augustine Volcano in 1986 caused significant disruptions to passenger jet travel to Anchorage and south-central Alaska. In 1986 few tools were available for scientists in Alaska to warn safety officials and the public of the size and location of Augustine's ash clouds that threatened to damage passenger aircraft. Residents of Homer and other coastal cities in south-central Alaska faced significant uncertainty about what would happen next at the volcano and what kind of risks their communities faced from Augustine Volcano.

University of Alaska Fairbanks Geophysical Institute, 2008, 20th anniversary of the Alaska Volcano Observatory: University of Alaska Geophysical Institute pamphlet, 2 p.
full-text PDF : 3 MB

Okmok volcano is situated on oceanic crust in the central Aleutian arc and experienced large (15 km3) caldera-forming eruptions at 12 000 years BP and 2050 years BP. Each caldera-forming eruption began with a small Plinian rhyodacite event followed by the emplacement of a dominantly andesitic ash-flow unit, whereas effusive interand post-calderalavashavebeenmorebasaltic.

Finney, Benjamin, Turner, Simon, Hawkesworth, Chris, Larsen, Jessica, Nye, Chris, George, Rhiannon, Bindeman, Ilya, and Eichelberger, John, 2008, Magmatic differentiation at an island-arc caldera: Okmok Volcano, Aleutian Islands, Alaska: Journal of Petrology, v. 00, n. 0, p. 1-28, doi:10.1093/petrology/egn008 .

Finney, Benjamin, Turner, Simon, Hawkesworth, Chris, Larsen, Jessica, Nye, Chris, George, Rhiannon, Bindeman, Ilya, and Eichelberger, John, 2008, Magmatic differentiation at an island-arc caldera: Okmok Volcano, Aleutian Islands, Alaska: Journal of Petrology, doi:10.1093/petrology/egn008 .

Interferometric synthetic aperture radar (INSAR) is capable of measuring ground-surface deformationw ith centimeter-to-subcentimeter precision and spatial resolutions of tens-of-meters over a relatively large region.

Lu, Zhong, 2007, InSAR imaging of volcanic deformation over cloud-prone areas - Aleutian Islands: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 73, n. 3, p. 245-257.

A methodology to systematically rank volcanic threat was developed as the basis for prioritizing volcanoes for long-term hazards evaluations, monitoring, and mitigation activities.

Ewert, John, 2007, System for ranking relative threats of U.S. volcanoes: Natural Hazards Review, v. 8, n. 4, p. 112-124.

Okmok volcano, in the central Aleutian arc, Alaska, produced two caldera-forming eruptions within the last ~12,000 years. This study describes the stratigraphy, composition, and petrology of those two eruptions. Both eruptions initially produced small volumes of felsic magmas, followed by voluminous andesite and basaltic andesite. The Okmok I eruption produced >30 km3 DRE of material on Umnak Island, and Okmok II ~15 km3.

Larsen, J. F., Neal, Christina, Schaefer, Janet, Beget, Jim, and Nye, Chris, 2007, Late Pleistocene and Holocene caldera-forming eruptions of Okmok Caldera, Aleutian Islands, Alaska, in Eichelberger, John, Gordeev, Evgenii, Izbekov, Pavel, Kasahara, Minoru, and Lees, Jonathan, eds., Volcanism and Subduction: The Kamchatka Region: Geophysical Monograph 172, American Geophysical Union, p. 343-364.

Singer, B.S., Jicha, B.R., Leeman, W.P., Rogers, N.W., Thirlwall, M.F., Ryan, Jeff, and Nicolaysen, K.E., 2007, Along-strike trace element and isotopic variation in Aleutian Island arc basalt: subduction melts sediments and dehydrates serpentine: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 112, n. B6, 26 p., doi: 10.1029/2006JB004897 .

Masterlark, Timothy, 2007, Magma intrusion and deformation predictions: sensitivities to the Mogi assumptions: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 112, n. B6, 14 p., doi:10.1029/2006JB004860 .

Jicha, B.R., 2006, Geochronic and isotopic constraints on the magmatic evolution of Pleistocene-Recent Aleutian and Andean volcanic complexes: University of Wisconsin Madison Ph.D. dissertation, 195 p.

Schaefer, J. R., 2005, 30-meter shaded relief image of Okmok Volcano, Umnak Island, Alaska: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Raw Data File RDF 2005-01, 1 CD-ROM.
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"Okmok volcano, located in the central Aleutian arc, Alaska, is a dominantly basaltic complex topped with a 10-km-wide caldera that formed circa 2.05 ka. Okmok erupted several times during the 20th century, most recently in 1997; eruptions in 1945, 1958, and 1997 produced lava flows within the caldera. We used 80 interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) images (interferograms) to study transient deformation of the volcano before, during, and after the 1997 eruption. Point source models suggest that a magma reservoir at a depth of 3.2 km below sea level, located beneath the center of the caldera and about 5 km northeast of the 1997 vent, is responsible for observed volcanowide deformation. The preeruption uplift rate decreased from about 10 cm yr during 1992-1993 to 2 - 3 cm yr during 1993-1995 and then to about 1 - 2 cm yr during 1995-1996."

Lu, Zhong, Masterlark, Timothy, and Dzurisin, Daniel, 2005, Interferometric synthetic aperture radar study of Okmok volcano, Alaska, 1992-2003: Magma supply dynamics and postemplacement lava flow deformation: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 110, n. B02210, 18 p., doi: 10.1029/2004JB003148.

"Throughout February and March 1997, Okmok Volcano, in the eastern Aleutian Islands of Alaska, erupted a 6-km-long lava flow of basaltic 0a0a within its caldera. In the first part of the study a numerical model for lava flow cooling was developed by Patrick et al. and applied to the flow to better understand the nature of its cooling. In this second part of the study, the model predictions for lava surface temperature over a 200-day cooling period were compared to advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR) thermal imagery. Various methods were used to extract the subpixel lava temperature from the AVHRR pixel-integrated values, including the dual-band method and pixel merging. Inherent to these approaches is the multicomponent modeling of the lava surface temperature."

Patrick, M. R., Dehn, J., and Dean, K., 2005, Numerical modeling of lava flow cooling applied to the 1997 Okmok eruption: Comparison with Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer thermal imagery: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 110, n. B02210, 9 p., doi: 10.1029/2003JB002538

"Okmok Volcano is an active volcano located on the northeast end of Umnak Island, about 100 kilometers southwest of Dutch Harbor. The volcano is capped by a large, circular caldera, 10 kilometers in diameter and 500 to 800 meters deep, that formed during catastrophic eruptions about 12,000 and 2,000 years ago. Since then, more than a dozen separate vents within the caldera have erupted, some of them multiple times, to produce lava flows and widespread tephra (volcanic ash) deposits, with the most recent eruption occurring in 1997. Very large floods and lahars also have accompanied past eruptions, one of which destroyed an Aleut village in 1817. Multiple eruptions of lava and ash also have occurred from vents on the volcano's flanks. The volcano's long-term pattern of frequent eruptions, and dramatic intra-caldera deformation and accompanying seismicity since 1997 show that it remains active, and almost certainly will be the site of explosive and nonexplosive eruptions in the future. Understanding the variety of potential hazards associated with different types of volcanic processes typical of Okmok Volcano can help minimize the impacts of future eruptions."

Beget, J.E., Larsen, J.F., Neal, C.A., Nye, C.J., and Schaefer, J.R., 2005, Preliminary volcano-hazard assessment for Okmok Volcano, Umnak Island, Alaska: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Report of Investigation 2004-3, 32 p., 1 sheet, scale 1:150,000.
full text of report : 3.4 MB
map sheet : 53.2 MB
link to all files for this report on DGGS website

"In the Aleutian volcanic chain (USA), the 2,050-50 bp collapse of Okmok caldera generated pyroclasts that spread over 1,000 km2 on Umnak Island. After expelling up to 0.25 km3 DRE of rhyodacitic Plinian air fall and 0.35 km3 DRE of andesitic phreatomagmatic tephra, the caldera collapsed and produced the 29 km3 DRE Okmok II scoria deposit, which is composed of valleyponding, poorly sorted, massive facies and over-bank, stratified facies with planar and cross bedding."

Burgisser, Alain, 2005, Physical volcanology of the 2,050 bp caldera-forming eruption of Okmok volcano, Alaska: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 67, n. 6, p. 497-525.

"NVEWS - a National Volcano Early Warning System - is being formulated by the Consortium of U.S. Volcano Observatories (CUSVO) to establish a proactive, fully integrated, national-scale monitoring effort that ensures the most threatening volcanoes in the United States are properly monitored in advance of the onset of unrest and at levels commensurate with the threats posed. Volcanic threat is the combination of hazards (the destructive natural phenomena produced by a volcano) and exposure (people and property at risk from the hazards)."

Ewert, J.W., Guffanti, Marianne, and Murray, T.L., 2005, An assessment of volcanic threat and monitoring capabilities in the United States: framework for a National Volcano Early Warning System NVEWS: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report OF 2005-1164, 62 p.
full-text PDF : 2.90 MB

Airborne ash probability distribution (AAPD) maps have been generated to show the distribution of airborne volcanic ash in the North Pacific (NOPAC) region by simulating volcanic eruption clouds from 22 of the 100 most historically active volcanoes in the region. The PUFF ash-dispersion model was run daily using archived wind field data between 1994-1995 and 1997-2001 for low and high aircraft flight levels. Subsequent statistics are generated representing the distribution of simulated airborne ash at 6- and 24-h intervals, defining the regions most likely to contain airborne ash and the direction and distance a volcanic ash cloud may propagate from a given volcano. The AAPD maps show the extent of ash from a given volcano can encompass all of Alaska, most of the North Pacific Ocean, portions of northwestern North America, regions as far south as 358N, regions over the western Arctic Ocean, and portions of eastern Russia.

Papp, K.P., Dean, K.G., and Dehn, J., 2005, Predicting regions susceptible to high concentrations of airborne volcanic ash in the North Pacific region: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 148, no. 3-4, p. 295-314, doi: 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2005.04.020.

The primary objectives of the seismic program are the real-time seismic monitoring of active, potentially hazardous, Alaskan volcanoes and the investigation of seismic processes associated with active volcanism. This catalog presents the calculated earthquake hypocenter and phase arrival data, and changes in the seismic monitoring program for the period January 1 through December 31, 2004.

Dixon, J.P., Stihler, S.D., Power, J.A., Tytgat, Guy, Estes, Steve, Prejean, Stephanie, Sanchez, J.J., Sanches, Rebecca, McNutt, S.R., and Paskievitch, John, 2005, Catalog of earthquake hypocenters at Alaskan volcanoes: January 1 through December 31, 2004: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2005-1312, 74 p., available online at http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1312/.
website with links to PDF and data files

"The Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO), a cooperative program of the U.S. Geological Survey, the Geophysical Institute of the University of Alaska Fairbanks, and the Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys, has maintained seismic monitoring networks at historically active volcanoes in Alaska since 1988 (Power and others, 1993; Jolly and others, 1996; Jolly and others, 2001; Dixon and others, 2002; Dixon and others, 2003). The primary objectives of this program are the near real time seismic monitoring of active, potentially hazardous, Alaskan volcanoes and the investigation of seismic processes associated with active volcanism. This catalog presents the calculated earthquake hypocenter and phase arrival data, and changes in the seismic monitoring program for the period January 1 through December 31, 2003."

Dixon, J. P., Stihler, S. D., Power, J. A., Tytgat, Guy, Moran, S. C., Sanchez, J. J., McNutt, S. R., Estes, Steve, and Paskievitch, John, 2004, Catalog of earthquake hypocenters at Alaskan volcanoes: January 1 through December 31, 2003: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report OF 2004-1234, 69 p.
website with links to PDF and data tar file
full-text PDF : 12.3 MB

"Recent explosive eruptions at some of Alaska's 41 historically active volcanoes have significantly affected air traffic over the North Pacific, as well as Alaska's oil, power, and fishing industries and local communities. Since its founding in the late 1980s, the Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) has installed new monitoring networks and used satellite data to track activity at Alaska's volcanoes, providing timely warnings and monitoring of frequent eruptions to the aviation industry and the general public. To minimize impacts from future eruptions, scientists at AVO continue to assess volcano hazards and to expand monitoring networks."

Brantley, S. R., McGimsey, R. G., and Neal, C. A., 2004, The Alaska Volcano Observatory - Expanded monitoring of volcanoes yields results: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet FS 2004-3084, 2 p.
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"The Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) monitors the more than 40 historically active volcanoes of the Aleutian Arc. Of these, 22 are monitored with short-period seismic instrument networks as of the end of 2001. The AVO core monitoring program also includes daily analysis of satellite imagery, observation overflights, compilation of pilot reports and reports from local residents and mariners. In 2001, AVO responded to eruptive activity or suspected volcanic activity at or near 8 volcanic centers; Snowy and Kukak of the Kamai Group, Pavlof, Frosty, Shishaldin, Makushin, Okmok, Cleveland, and Great Sitkin volcanoes."

McGimsey, R.G., Neal, C.A., and Girina, Olga, 2004: 2001 volcanic activity in Alaska and Kamchatka: Summary of events and response of the Alaska Volcano Observatory: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report OF 2004-1453, 53 p.
website with link to PDF
full-text PDF on AVO's server : 2.67 MB

Caldera-forming eruptions are spectacular and hazardous geological phenomena, yet the reasons for their occurrence are poorly understood. This thesis investigates why these eruptions happen, how any erupted magmas are generated, and whether pre-eruptive records give any warning that such large eruptions are about to occur. The theory that caldera-formation represents the culmination of a cycle of magmatism is also examined. Okmok is an island-arc volcano that has experienced two large caldera-forming eruptions within the last 10,000 years, and as such, represents an opportunity to investigate these fundamental questions. Each caldera-forming eruption began with a small plinian rhyodacite event, followed by the emplacement of a dominantly andesitic ash-flow unit, while effusive pre- and postcaldera lavas have been more basaltic.

Finney, B.M., 2004, Magmatic differentiation at an island-arc caldera: a stratigraphically constrained multi-isotope study of Okmok Volcano, Aleutian Islands, Alaska: University of Bristol Ph.D. dissertation, 296 p.

"Interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) techniques are used to calculate the volume of eruption at Okmok volcano, Alaska by constructing precise digital elevation models (DEMs) that represent volcano topography before and after the eruption. The pre-eruption DEM is generated using TOPSAR data where a three-dimensional multiaffined transformation is used to account for the misalignments between different DEM patches. The post-eruption DEM is produced using repeat-pass ERS data; multiple interferograms are required to reduce errors due to atmospheric contribution."

Lu, Zhong, Fielding, E., Patrick, M. R., and Trautwein, C., 2003, Estimating lava volume by precision combination of multiple baseline spaceborne and airborne interferometric synthetic aperture radar: the 1997 eruption of Okmok volcano, Alaska: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, v. 41, n. 6, p. 1428-1436.

"Volcanoes are caused by the transport of magma batches from the Earth's crust to the surface. These magmas in motion undergo drastic changes of rheologic properties during their journey to the surface and this work explores how these changes affect volcanic eruptions. The first part of this study is devoted to the dynamic aspects of degassing and permeability in magmas with high pressure, high temperature experiments on natural volcanic rocks. Degassing is measured by the influence of decompression rate on the growth of the bubbles present in the magma while permeability is deduced from the temporal evolution of these bubbles. The parameterization of our results in a numerical model of volcanic conduit flow show that previous models based on equilibrium degassing overestimate the acceleration and the decompression rate of the magma."

Burgisser, Alain, 2003, Magmas in motion: degassing in volcanic conduits and fabrics of pyroclastic density current: University of Alaska Fairbanks unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, 136 p.

"Annual GPS campaigns were carried out at Okmok volcano in the Aleutian Islands, Alaska, between 2000 and 2002. Surface deformation detected by these measurements reveals that Okmok volcano has been inflating over these 3 years at a variable inflation rate. The horizontal displacements show a radial outward pattern, and there has been significant uplift of the caldera center. The uplift of the caldera center relative to the caldera rim was ∼2.1 cm during 2000-2001, and ∼6.7 cm during 2001-2002. The latter rate is quite consistent with that deduced from InSAR measurements spanning 1997-2000, but the deformation rate during 2000-2001 was much slower than during the preceding and succeeding periods."

Miyagi, Yousuke, Freymueller, Jeff, Kimata, Fumiaki, Sato, Toshiya, and Mann, Dorte, 2003, Surface deformation caused by magmatic activity at Okmok Volcano detected by GPS campaigns 2000-2002: in Fukunishi, Hiroshi, Akasofu, Shun-Ichi, and Fukuda, Masami, (eds.), Connection to the Arctic 2002 (GCCA3): collaboration with IARC, Integration of Arctic climate research, Third international workshop on Global change: Connection to the Arctic 2002 (GCCA3), Fairbanks, AK, Nov. 4-5, 2002, Tohuku Geophysical Journal, v. 36, n. 4, p. 535-538.

"Interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) imaging is a recently developed geodetic technique capable of measuring ground-surface deformation with centimeter to subcentimeter vertical precision and spatial resolution of tens-of-meters over a relatively large region (~104 km2). This paper summarizes our recent InSAR studies of several Alaska volcanoes including New Trident, Okmok, Akutan, Kiska, Augustine, Westdahl, Peulik, Shishaldin, and Seguam. The spatial distribution of surface deformation data, derived from InSAR images, enables the construction of detailed mechanical models to enhance the study of magmatic and tectonic processes."

Lu, Zhong, Wicks, C. J., Dzurisin, Daniel, Power, John, Thatcher, Wayne, and Masterlark, Tim, 2003, Interferometric synthetic aperture radar studies of Alaska volcanoes: Earth Observation Magazine, v. 12, n. 3, p. 8-10.

"Okmok, located on Unmak Island in the eastern Aleutians, is a large shield volcano with a ~9.5 km diameter centered caldera. Several vents on the caldera floor have been involved in eruptions over the last 200 years. Although this area is remote, copious amounts of digital remote sensing data exists for this volcano. Based on Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper + (ETM+) data, four historic lava flows can be distinguished on the caldera floor. The spectral signature for each of these flows is unique and controlled mainly by surface features, and minimally by mineral composition, water content and temperature."

Adleman, J.N., and Kearney, C., 2003, Lava flow discrimination at Okmok Caldera, AK using Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper + [abs.]: in Abstract Volume, Cities on Volcanoes III, Hilo, HI, unpaged.
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"Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR), Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES), and Geostationary Meteorological Satellite (GMS) are used routinely to detect and monitor elevated ground temperatures and eruption clouds at volcanoes in the North Pacific Region. Volcanoes in this region include those in Alaska, Kamchatka Peninsula and the northern Kuril Islands. These data provide observations multiple times per day of over 100 active volcanoes in this region."

Dean, K. G., Dehn, Jon, Engle, Kevin, Izbekov, Pavel, and Papp, Ken, 2002, Operational satellite monitoring of volcanoes at the Alaska Volcano Observatory: in Harris, A. J. H., Wooster, Martin, and Rothery, D. A., (eds.), Monitoring Volcanic Hotspots Using Thermal Remote Sensing, Advances in Environmental Monitoring and Modelling, v. 1, n. 3, p. 70-97.

"Okmok volcano, located on Umnak Island in the Aleutian chain, Alaska, is the most eruptive caldera system in North America in historic time. Its most recent eruption occurred in 1997. Synthetic aperture radar interferometry shows deflation of the caldera center of up to 140 cm during this time, preceded and followed by inflation of smaller magnitude. The main part of the observed deformation can be modeled using a pressure point source model. The inferred source is located between 2.5 and 5.0 km beneath the approximate center of the caldera and ~5 km from the eruptive vent. We interpret it as a central magma reservoir."

Mann, Dorte, Freymueller, J. T., and Lu, Zhong, 2002, Deformation associated with the 1997 eruption of Okmok volcano, Alaska: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 107, n. B4, p. 7-13.

"A study of Okmok volcano, located in the Aleutian Islands (Umnak Island - Alaska) was carried out using Airborne Synthetic Aperture Radar (AIRSAR/TOPSAR) radar data acquired in June 2000. It investigated the surface changes that resulted from the 1997 eruption that produced two large lava flows within the caldera. In addition, topographic and geologic mapping was conducted with the aid of AIRSAR data and Landsat satellite imagery. The high-resolution (5-meter) radar backscatter and digital elevation models (DEMs) generated from the SAR dataset were analysed with existing topographic data and its accuracy evaluated."

Moxey, L., Guritz, R., Dehn, J., and Price, E., 2002, Surface change detection, topographic and geologic mapping of Okmok volcano, Alaska, using high-resolution AIRSAR sensor data: NASA-Jet Propulsion Laboratory, AIRSAR Workshop, Pasadena, California, p. unknown.

"Geodetic measurements using the Global Positioning System GPS and synthetic aperture radar interferometry InSAR show deformation of Okmok Westdahl and Fisher volcanoes in the Alaska Aleutian arc This thesis shows the variety of deformation signals observed presents models for the observations and interprets them in terms of underlying processes."

Mann, Dorte, 2002, Deformation of Alaskan volcanoes measured using SAR interferometry and GPS: University of Alaska Fairbanks unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, 122 p.

Schaefer, Janet, and Nye, C. J., 2002, Historically active volcanoes of the Aleutian Arc: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Miscellaneous Publication MP 0123, unpaged, 1 sheet, scale 1:3,000,000.
MrSID map sheet : 3.3 MB
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"ERS-1/ERS-2 synthetic aperture radar interferometry was used to study the 1997 eruption of Okmok volcano in Alaska. First, we derieved an accurate digital elevation model (DEM) using tandem ERS-1/ERS-2 image pair and the preexisting DEM."

Lu, Z., Mann, D., Freymueller, J. T., and Meyer, D. J., 2000, Synthetic aperture radar interferometry of Okmok volcano, Alaska: radar observations: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 105, n. B5, p. 10791-10806.

"More than 40 active volcanoes occur in Alaska. This report summarizes historical data on those volcanoes, using information drawn from the more thorough and comprehensive U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Open-File Report 98-582, Catalog of the Historically Active Volcanoes of Alaska."

Wallace, K. L., McGimsey, R. G., and Miller, T. P., 2000, Historically active volcanoes in Alaska, a quick reference: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet FS 0118-00, 2 p.
full-text PDF : 162 KB

Class, Cornelia, Miller, D. M., Goldstein, S. L., and Langmuir, C. H., 2000, Distinguishing melt and fluid subduction and components in Umnak volcanics, Aleutian Arc: Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems G 3.1, United States, American Geophysical Union and The Geochemical Society, 34 p.

Seismology is an important and effective tool for monitoring volcanoes and forecasting eruptions. In the past 2 decades there have been over 25 successful forecasts.

Sigurdsson, Haraldur, (ed.), 2000, Encyclopedia of volcanoes: San Diego, CA, Academic Press, 1417 p.

"The Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) monitors over 40 historically active volcanoes along the Aleutian Arc. Twenty are seismically monitored and for the rest, the AVO monitoring program relies mainly on pilot reports, observations of local residents and ship crews, and daily analysis of satellite images. In 1997, AVO responded to eruptive activity or suspect volcanic activity at 11 volcanic centers: Wrangell, Sanford, Shrub mud volcano, Iliamna, the Katmai group (Martin, Mageik, Snowy, and Kukak volcanoes), Chiginagak, Pavlof, Shishaldin, Okmok, Cleveland, and Amukta. Of these, AVO has real-time, continuously recording seismic networks at Iliamna, the Katmai group, and Pavlof. The phrase "suspect volcanic activity" (SVA), used to characterize several responses, is an eruption report or report of unusual activity that is subsequently determined to be normal or enhanced fumarolic activity, weather-related phenomena, or a non-volcanic event."

McGimsey, R. G., and Wallace, K. L., 1999, 1997 volcanic activity in Alaska and Kamchatka: Summary of events and response of the Alaska Volcano Observatory: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report OF 99-0448, 42 p.
website with PDF link
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Alaska Volcano Observatory, 1999, May-August 1999: Alaska Volcano Observatory Bimonthly Report, v. 11, n. 3 and 4, 39 p.
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Nye, C. J., Queen, Katherine, and McCarthy, A. M., 1998, Volcanoes of Alaska: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Information Circular IC 0038, unpaged, 1 sheet, scale 1:4,000,000, available at http://www.dggs.dnr.state.ak.us/pubs/pubs?reqtype=citation&ID=7043 .
website with links to sheets in MrSID format

Alaska hosts within its borders over 80 major volcanic centers that have erupted during Holocene time (<10,000 years). At least 29 of these volcanic centers (table 1) had historical eruptions and 12 additional volcanic centers may have had historical eruptions. Historical in Alaska generally means the period since 1760 when explorers, travelers, and inhabitants kept written records. These 41 volcanic centers have been the source for >265 eruptions reported from Alaska volcanoes.

Miller, T. P., McGimsey, R. G., Richter, D. H., Riehle, J. R., Nye, C. J., Yount, M. E., and Dumoulin, J. A., 1998, Catalog of the historically active volcanoes of Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report OF 98-0582, 104 p.
website with PDF links
title page PDF : 52
intro and TOC PDF : 268 KB
eastern part - Wrangell to Ukinrek Maars PDF : 972 KB
central part - Chiginagak to Cleveland PDF : 2,463 KB
western part - Carlisle to Kiska PDF : 956 KB
references PDF : 43 KB

"An ion probe study of trace elements in Mg-rich clinopyroxene phenocrysts in primitive Aleutian lavas provides constraints on the genesis of Aleutian adakites, and possible insights into the source of common Aleutian magmas. Clinopyroxene (cpx) phenocrysts in the primitive adakites have high Sr and Nd=Yb compared to cpx in Aleutian basalts. In the adakites, Sr and Nd=Yb are highest for high Mg# cpx, and these concentrations decrease toward lower Mg# compositions. These trends are the opposite of those seen in basalt cpx which generally show increasing incompatible trace element contents with decreasing Mg#, and are unlike antithetic compatible-incompatible trace element trends produced by chemical or kinetic effects of crystal growth."

Yogodzinski, G. M., and Kelemen, P. B., 1998, Slab melting in the Aleutians: implications of an ion probe study of clinopyroxene in primitive adakite and basalt: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 158, n. 1-2, p. 53-65.

Alaska Volcano Observatory, 1998, January-April 1998: Alaska Volcano Observatory Bimonthly Report, v. 10, n. 1 and 2, 35 p.
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Alaska Volcano Observatory, 1998, May-August 1998: Alaska Volcano Observatory Bimonthly Report, v. 10, n. 3 and 4, 43 p.
Part 1PDF : 847 KB
Part 2 PDF : 630 KB
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Alaska Volcano Observatory, 1998, September-December 1998: Alaska Volcano Observatory Bimonthly Report, v. 10, n. 5 and 6, 51 p.
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Part 5 PDF : 1.5 MB

"Alaska is home to more than 40 active volcanoes, many of which have erupted violently and repeatedly in the last 200 years. This compact disc (CD-ROM) contains 97 digital images created from 35-mm slides scanned by a Kodak PIW film scanner. These pictures are but a small fraction of thousands taken by Alaska Volcano Observatory scientists, other researchers, and private citizens. Photographs were selected for inclusion in this collection to portray Alaska's volcanoes, to document recent eruptive activity, and to illustrate the range of volcanic phenomena observed in Alaska."

Neal, Christina, and McGimsey, R. G., 1997, Volcanoes of the Alaska Peninsula and Aleutian Islands selected photographs: U.S. Geological Survey Digital Data Series DDS 0040, 1 CD-ROM.
website with links to HTML album, PDF, and individual images in a variety of formats
directory of high-resolution images (PCD format)
web browser photo album
PDF : 27 MB
directory of PDF slideshow files
directory of small screen images (JPG)
directory of large screen images (JPG)
captions file : 44 KB

Alaska Volcano Observatory, 1997, January-April 1997: Alaska Volcano Observatory Bimonthly Report, v. 9, n. 1 and 2, 51 p.
Part 1 PDF : 252 KB
Part 2 PDF : 2.8 MB
Part 3 PDF : 649 KB

Alaska Volcano Observatory, 1997, May-June 1997: Alaska Volcano Observatory Bimonthly Report, v. 9, n. 3, 23 p.
full-text PDF : 2.2 MB

Alaska Volcano Observatory, 1997, July-August 1997: Alaska Volcano Observatory Bimonthly Report, v. 9, n. 4, 31 p.
Part 1 PDF : 446 KB
Part 2 PDF : 435 KB
Part 3 PDF : 2 MB

Alaska Volcano Observatory, 1997, September-December 1997: Alaska Volcano Observatory Bimonthly Report, v. 9, n. 5 and 6, 17 p.
Part 1 PDF : 399 KB
Part 2 PDF : 531 KB

The Aleutian Islands and northern Pacific were among the last regions on earth visited by Europeans. Most early explorations were by officials of the Russian government, independent fur traders, and officials of the Russian American Company. Consequently, reports of these early expeditions are in obscure Russian (or German) publications. After the United States purchased Alaska in 1867, exploration and surveying was conducted by various government agencies, chiefly the U.S. Coast Survey and the Coast and Geodetic Survey.

Myers, J. D., 1994, The geology, geochemistry and petrology of the recent magmatic phase of the central and western Aleutian Arc: unpublished manuscript unpaged.
full-text PDF : 263.9 MB

"Quaternary Aleutian volcanism extends for over 2,500 km, from Buldir Island on the west to Mount Hayes on the east (fig. 1). This belt of volcanic activity lies immediately north of the Aleutian trench, a convergent boundary between the North American and Pacific lithospheric plates."

Motyka, R. J., Liss, S. A., Nye, C. J., and Moorman, M. A., 1993, Geothermal resources of the Aleutian Arc: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Professional Report PR 0114, 17 p., 4 sheets, scale 1:1,000,000.
website with links to PDF and MrSID files

Nye, C. J., 1983, Petrology and geochemistry of Okmok and Wrangell volcanoes, Alaska: University of California, Santa Cruz Ph.D. dissertation, 208 p.

Byers, F. M. Jr., 1959, Geology of Umnak and Bogoslof Islands, Aleutian Islands, Alaska: in Investigations of Alaskan volcanoes, U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin B 1028-L, p. 267-369, 5 sheets, scale 1 at 1:63,360, 1 at 1:96,000, and 1 at 1:300,000.
full-text PDF : 3.5 MB
plate 39 PDF : 2.2 MB
plate 40 PDF : 3.9 MB
plate 41 PDF : 5.6 MB
plate 48 PDF : 85 KB
talbe 3 PDF : 149 KB

"In October 1945, the War Department (now Department of the Army) requested the Geological Survey to undertake a program of volcano investigations in the Aleutian Islands and Alaska Peninsula area. The first field studies were made during the years 1946-48. The results of the first year's field, laboratory, and library work were hastily assembled as two administrative reports, and most of these data have been revised for publication in Geological Survey Bulletin 1028. Part of the early work was published in 1950 in Bulletin 974-B, "Volcanic Activity in the Aleutian Arc," and in 1951 in Bulletin 989-A, "Geology of Buldir Island, Aleutian Islands, Alaska," both by Robert R. Coats. Additionl fieldwork was done during the years 1949-54. Unpublished results of the early work and all the later studies are being incoporated as parts of Bulletin 1028. The investigations of 1946 were supported almost entirely by the Office, Chief of Engineers, U.S. Army. From 1947-55 the Departments of the Army, Navy, and Air Force joined to furnish financial and logistic assistance. The Geological Survey is indebted to the Office, Chief of Engineers, for its early recognition of the value of geologic studies in the Aleutian region, and to the several military departments for their support."

Wilcox, R. E., 1959, Some effects of recent volcanic ash falls with special reference to Alaska: in Investigations of Alaskan volcanoes, U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin B 1028-N, p. 409-476, 5 sheets, scale unknown.
full-text PDF : 1.5 MB
plate 54 PDF : 76 KB
plate 55 PDF : 194 KB
plate 56 PDF : 234 KB
plate 57 PDF : 177 KB
plate 58 PDF : 140 KB

"The Alaska Peninsula and Aleutian Islands form one of the conspicuously arcuate lines of volcanoes that border the Pacific Ocean. The name Aleutian Range is applied to this 1,600 mile long, narrow belt of peaks reaching from Mount Spurr opposite Anchorage to the island of Attu, close to the continent of Asia."

Powers, H. A., 1958, Alaska Peninsula-Aleutian Islands: in Williams, H., (ed.), Landscapes of Alaska, Los Angeles, CA, University of California Press, p. 61-75.

Coats, R. R., 1950, Volcanic activity in the Aleutian Arc: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin B 0974-B, p. 35-49, 1 sheet, scale unknown.
plate 1 PDF : 819 KB
full-text PDF : 783 KB

"On June 6, 1945, when the war against Japan was approaching its climax, a telephone call came for me at my htel in Anchorage, Alaska, where I was outfitting for a geologic mission in the interior."

Robinson, G. D., 1948, Exploring Aleutian volcanoes: National Geographic Magazine, v. 94, n. 4, p. 509-528.

"The Alaska Peninsula and the Aleutian Islands comprise one of the more active but least known of the series of volcanic arcs which border the Pacific Ocean. The Aleutian volcanic arc includes about 80 large volcanic mountains, of which about 40 are known to have been active, some many times, since 1760, the earliest year of record."

Robinson, G. D., 1947, The 1945 eruption in Tulik (Okmok) Caldera, Umnak Island, Alaska: Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, v. 37, n. 10, p. 368-369.

"It was a pleasant surprise to find myself on duty in a virtually unexplored corner of the world. Friends had ribbed me about the cold, the fog, and the williwaws when they heard that I was going to the Aleutians back in 1942."

Freiday, Dean, 1945, The Aleutians, island necklace of the North: Natural History, v. 54, n. 10, p. 444-455.

"Notes on activities in the Aleutian Islands and in the Volcanoes on the Alaskan Peninsula were published in Volcano Letters Nos. 246 and 357. The year 1931 appears to have brought to a focus the unrest which appeared in several volcanoes in 1929 and 1930 by producing a considerable explosive eruption from Aniakchak Crater on the Peninsual 45 miles NNE from Chignik."

Jaggar, T. A., 1932, Aleutian eruptions 1930-1932: The Volcano Letter, v. 375, p. 1-4.
full-text PDF : 1232 KB

Sapper, Karl, 1917, Katalog der geschichtlichen vulkanausbruche: Strassburg, Germany, Karl J. Trubner, 358 p.

"The list of shocokcs printed in 1887, and those compiled during succeeding years, contained many reported "eruptions" of mountains in the Puget Sound region. For a number of years I made it my business to apply by letter to intelligent observers in that neighborhood to determine whether MOunt Baker and the other mountains had ever certainly been known to be in eruption."

Plummer, F. G., 1898, Reported volcanic eruptions in Alaska, Puget Sound, etc., 1690-1896: in Holden, E. S., (ed.), A Catalogue of Earthquakes on the Pacific Coast 1769-1897, Smithsonian Institution Miscellaneous Collections 1087, City of Washington D.C., Smithsonian Institution, p. 24-27.

Dall, W. H., 1870, Alaska and its resources: Boston, Lee and Shepard, 627 p.

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Perrey, Alexis, 1866, Documents sur les tremblements de terre et les phenomenes volcaniques des iles Aleutiennes, de la peninsule d'Aljaska et de la cote no. d'Amerique, Extrait des memoires de l'Academie des sciences, arts et belles-lettres de Dijon, 1865: Dijon, J.E. Rabutut, 131 p.

"The borders of the Pacific Ocean are studded with volcanoes and the products of volcanic activity. The volcanoes are arranged in crudely arc-shaped groups, and most of the arcs are conves toward the ocean. In addition to the bordering arcs, the Pacific contains many individual volcanic islands and a few non-arcuate groups of volcanic islands, like the Hawaiian Islands. The curving chain of volcanoes from Kiska Island near the western end of the Aleutian Islands to Mt. Spurr on the mainland constitutes one of the Pacific volcanic arcs. This report is concerned with the past activity of the volcanoes of this arc, herein called the Aleutian arc."

Coats, R. R., Past volcanic activity in the Aleutian arc: U.S. Geological Survey Volcano Investigations Report 1, 18 p.
full-text PDF : 22.3 MB