Shishaldin bibliography: all known references that deal with Shishaldin.

"Volcanic eruption plumes and subsequent drifting ash clouds from North Pacific volcanoes have caused delays in flight operations nationwide and substantial damage to aircraft and equipment. Volcanic ash also has caused difficulties in Alaskan communities, ranging from property damage to health hazards. This operating plan provides an overview of multiple agency integrated operations in response to the threat of volcanic ash affecting Alaska, and an agency-by-agency description of roles and responsibilities in such events. A cohesive, well coordinated response will result in the flow of timely and consistent information to those at risk."

Madden, John, Murray, T.L., Carle, W.J., Cirillo, M.A., Furgione, L.K., Trimpert, M.T., and Hartig, Larry (signatories), 2008, Alaska interagency operating plan for volcanic ash episodes, 52 p.
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Since 1988, the Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) has been monitoring volcanic activity across the state, conducting scientific research on volcanic processes, producing volcano-hazard assessments, and informing both the public and emergency managers of volcanic unrest. Below are some examples of the activity at Alaska's volcanoes that have held the attention of AVO staff.

Schaefer, J.R., and Nye, Chris, 2008, The Alaska Volcano Observatory - 20 years of volcano research, monitoring, and eruption response: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, Alaska GeoSurvey News, NL 2008-001, v. 11, n. 1, p. 1-9, available at http://wwwdggs.dnr.state.ak.us/pubs/pubs?reqtype=citation&ID=16061 .
ADGGS website with link to PDF
full-text PDF on AVO's server : 5.68 MB

The Alaska Volcano Observatory was founded in 1988 after the eruptions at Cook Inlet's Augustine Volcano in 1986 caused significant disruptions to passenger jet travel to Anchorage and south-central Alaska. In 1986 few tools were available for scientists in Alaska to warn safety officials and the public of the size and location of Augustine's ash clouds that threatened to damage passenger aircraft. Residents of Homer and other coastal cities in south-central Alaska faced significant uncertainty about what would happen next at the volcano and what kind of risks their communities faced from Augustine Volcano.

University of Alaska Fairbanks Geophysical Institute, 2008, 20th anniversary of the Alaska Volcano Observatory: University of Alaska Geophysical Institute pamphlet, 2 p.
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In summer 2003, a Chaparral Model 2 microphone was deployed at Shishaldin Volcano, Aleutian Islands, Alaska. The pressure sensor was co-located with a short-period seismometer on the volcano's north flank at a distance of 6.62 km from the active summit vent. The seismo-acoustic data exhibit a correlation between impulsive acoustic signals (1-2 Pa) and long-period (LP, 1-2 Hz) earthquakes. Since it last erupted in 1999, Shishaldin has been characterized by sustained seismicity consisting of many hundreds to two thousand LP events per day. The activity is accompanied by up to 200 m high discrete gas puffs exiting the small summit vent, but no significant eruptive activity has been confirmed.

Petersen, Tanja, and McNutt, S.R., 2007, Seismo-acoustic signals associated with degassing explosions recorded at Shishaldin Volcano, Alaska, 2003-2004: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 69, n. 5, p. 527-536, doi: 10.1007/s00445-006-0088-z.

Interferometric synthetic aperture radar (INSAR) is capable of measuring ground-surface deformationw ith centimeter-to-subcentimeter precision and spatial resolutions of tens-of-meters over a relatively large region.

Lu, Zhong, 2007, InSAR imaging of volcanic deformation over cloud-prone areas - Aleutian Islands: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 73, n. 3, p. 245-257.

During 2001–2004, a series of four periods of elevated long-period seismic activity, each lasting about 1–2 months, occurred at Shishaldin Volcano, Aleutian Islands, Alaska. The time periods are termed swarms of repeating events, reflecting an abundance of earthquakes with highly similar waveforms that indicate stable, non-destructive sources. These swarms are characterized by increased earthquake amplitudes, although the seismicity rate of one event every 0.5–5 min has remained more or less constant since Shishaldin last erupted in 1999.

Petersen, Tanja, 2007, Swarms of repeating long-period earthquakes at Shishaldin Volcano, Alaska, 2001 - 2004: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 166, n. 3-4, p. 177-192.

A methodology to systematically rank volcanic threat was developed as the basis for prioritizing volcanoes for long-term hazards evaluations, monitoring, and mitigation activities.

Ewert, John, 2007, System for ranking relative threats of U.S. volcanoes: Natural Hazards Review, v. 8, n. 4, p. 112-124.

The Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) responded to eruptive activity or suspected volcanic activity at or near 16 volcanoes in Alaska during 2005, including the high profile precursory activity associated with the 2005–06 eruption of Augustine Volcano.

McGimsey, R.G., Neal, C.A., Dixon, J.P., and Ushakov, Sergey, 2007, 2005 Volcanic activity in Alaska, Kamchatka, and the Kurile Islands: Summary of events and response of the Alaska Volcano Observatory: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2007-5269, 94 p., available at http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2007/5269/ .
USGS website with link to PDF

Singer, B.S., Jicha, B.R., Leeman, W.P., Rogers, N.W., Thirlwall, M.F., Ryan, Jeff, and Nicolaysen, K.E., 2007, Along-strike trace element and isotopic variation in Aleutian Island arc basalt: subduction melts sediments and dehydrates serpentine: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 112, n. B6, 26 p., doi: 10.1029/2006JB004897 .

Shishaldin Volcano, a large, frequently active basaltic-andesite volcano located on Unimak Island in the Aleutian Arc of Alaska, had a minor eruption in 1995-1996 and a VEI 3 sub-Plinian basaltic eruption in 1999. We used 21 synthetic aperture radar images acquired by ERS-1, ERS-2, JERS-1, and RADARSAT-1 satellites to construct 12 coherent interferograms that span most of the 1993-2003 time interval. All interferograms lack coherence within ~5 km of the summit, primarily due to persistent snow and ice cover on the edifice. Remarkably, in the 5-15 km distance range where interferograms are coherent, the InSAR images show no intrusion- or withdrawal-related deformation at Shishaldin during this entire time period. However, several InSAR images do show deformation associated with a shallow ML 5.2 earthquake located ~14 km west of Shishaldin that occurred 6 weeks before the 1999 eruption.

Moran, S.C., Kwoun, O., Masterlark, T., and Lu, Z., 2006, On the absence of InSAR-detected volcano deformation spanning the 1995-1996 and 1999 eruptions of Shishaldin Volcano, Alaska: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 150, p. 119-131, doi: 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2005.07.013.

From September 1999 through April 2004, Shishaldin Volcano, Aleutian Islands, Alaska, exhibited a continuous and extremely high level of background seismicity. This activity consisted of many hundreds to thousands of long-period (LP; 1-2 Hz) earthquakes per day, recorded by a 6-station monitoring network around Shishaldin. The LP events originate beneath the summit at shallow depths (0-3 km). Volcano tectonic events and tremor have rarely been observed in the summit region. Such a high rate of LP events with no eruption suggests that a steady state process has been occurring ever since Shishaldin last erupted in April-May 1999. Following the eruption, the only other signs of volcanic unrest have been occasional weak thermal anomalies and an omnipresent puffing volcanic plume.

Petersen, T., Caplan-Auerbach, J., and McNutt, S.R., 2006, Sustained long-period seismicity at Shishaldin Volcano, Alaska: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 151, n. 4, pg. 365-381.

The 1999 basaltic eruption of Shishaldin volcano (Alaska, USA) included both Strombolian and Subplinian activity, as well as a "pre-Subplinian" phase interpreted as the local coalescence within a long foam in the conduit. Although few visual observations were made of the eruption, a great deal of information regarding gas velocity, gas flux at the vent and plume height may be inferred by using acoustic recordings of the eruption. By relating acoustic power to gas velocity, a time series of gas velocity is calculated for the Subplinian and pre-Subplinian phases. These time series show trends in gas velocity that are interpreted as plumes or, for those signals lasting only a short time, thermals. The Subplinian phase is shown to be composed of a thermal followed by five plumes with a total expelled gas volume of ≈1.5 × 107 m3.

Vergniolle, Sylvie, and Caplan-Auerbach, Jacqueline, 2006, Basaltic thermals and Subplinian plumes: constraints from acoustic measurements at Shishaldin Volcano, Alaska: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 68, n. 7-8, p. 611-630, doi: 10.1007/s00445-005-0035-4.

"Since it last erupted in 1999, Shishaldin Volcano, Aleutian Islands, Alaska, has produced hundreds to thousands of longperiod (1-2 Hz; LP) earthquakes every day with no other sign of volcanic unrest. In 2002, the earthquakes also exhibited a short-period (4-7 Hz; SP) signal occurring between 3 and 15 s before the LP phase. Although the SP phase contains higher frequencies than the LP phase, its spectral content is still well below that expected of brittle failure events. The SP phase was never observed without the LP phase, although LP events continued to occur in the absence of the precursory signal. The twophased events are termed bcoupled eventsQ, reflecting a triggered relationship between two discrete event types. Both phases are highly repetitive in time series, suggestive of stable, non-destructive sources."

Caplan-Auerbach, Jacqueline, and Petersen, Tanja, 2005, Repeating coupled earthquakes at Shishaldin Volcano, Alaska: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 145, p. 151-172.

"NVEWS - a National Volcano Early Warning System - is being formulated by the Consortium of U.S. Volcano Observatories (CUSVO) to establish a proactive, fully integrated, national-scale monitoring effort that ensures the most threatening volcanoes in the United States are properly monitored in advance of the onset of unrest and at levels commensurate with the threats posed. Volcanic threat is the combination of hazards (the destructive natural phenomena produced by a volcano) and exposure (people and property at risk from the hazards)."

Ewert, J.W., Guffanti, Marianne, and Murray, T.L., 2005, An assessment of volcanic threat and monitoring capabilities in the United States: framework for a National Volcano Early Warning System NVEWS: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report OF 2005-1164, 62 p.
full-text PDF : 2.90 MB

The Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) tracks activity at the more than 40 historically active volcanoes of the Aleutian Arc (fig. 1). As of December 31, 2002, 24 of these volcanoes are monitored with short-period seismometer networks (fig. 2). AVO's monitoring program also includes daily analysis of satellite imagery supported by occasional over flights and compilation of pilot reports,observations of local residents, and observations of mariners. In 2002, AVO responded to eruptive activity or suspect volcanic activity at 6 volcanic centers in Alaska - Wrangell, the Katmai Group, Veniaminof, Shishaldin, Emmons Lake (Hague), and Great Sitkin volcanoes (fig. 1; tables 1, 2).

Neal, C.A., McGimsey, R.G., and Girina, Olga, 2005, 2002 Volcanic activity in Alaska and Kamchatka: Summary of events and response of the Alaska Volcano Observatory: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report OF 2004-1058, 55 p., available online at http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1058/.
full-text PDF : 5.15 MB

The Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) monitors the more than 40 historically active volcanoes of the Aleutian Arc. Of these, 24 were considered monitored in real time with short-period seismic instrument networks as of the end of 2003 (figs. 1, 2) (Dixon and others, 2004). The AVO core monitoring program also includes daily analysis of satellite imagery, observation over flights, and compilation of pilot reports and reports from local residents and mariners. In 2003, AVO responded to eruptive activity or suspected volcanic activity at or near 10 volcanic centers (fig. 1; tables 1, 2): Wrangell, Redoubt, Iliamna, Augustine, Mageik, Veniaminof, Pavlof, Emmons Lake (Hague), Shishaldin, and Akutan volcanoes. In addition to responding to eruptive activity at Alaska volcanoes, AVO assisted in the disseminaation of information for the Kamchatka Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) about the 2003 activity of 6 Russian volcanoes: Sheveluch, Klyuchevskoy, Bezymianny, Karymsky, Alaid, and Chikurachki volcanoes (fig. 22; tables 3, 4). Due to prevailing wind directions, erupting Kamchatkan, Kurile Island, and Alaskan volcanoes pose a serious potential threat to aircraft in the North Pacific (fig. 3).

McGimsey, Robert G., Neal, Christina A., and Girina, Olga, 2005, 2003 volcanic activity in Alaska and Kamchatka: Summary of events and response of the Alaska Volcano Observatory: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2005-1310, 62 p., http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1310/.
website with link to PDF
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2004 began quietly in Alaska, continuing a trend of little volcanic unrest that has persisted for several years. On January 9, AVO announced the beginning of formal seismic monitoring of Okmok Volcano following an extended period of calibration and improvement of the seismic network installed initially in 2002-2003. Gareloi and Tanaga volcanoes in the western Aleutians were added to the list of seismically monitored volcanoes in early June following determination of background seismicity. During the remainder of the year, AVO responded to volcanic unrest at three volcanoes in Alaska-Mount Spurr, Veniaminof, and Shishaldin.

Neal, C.A., McGimsey, R.G., Dixon, Jim, and Melnikov, Dimitry, 2005, 2004 volcanic activity in Alaska and Kamchatka: summary of events and response of the Alaska Volcano Observatory: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2005-1308, 71 p., http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1308/.
USGS website with link to PDF
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Airborne ash probability distribution (AAPD) maps have been generated to show the distribution of airborne volcanic ash in the North Pacific (NOPAC) region by simulating volcanic eruption clouds from 22 of the 100 most historically active volcanoes in the region. The PUFF ash-dispersion model was run daily using archived wind field data between 1994-1995 and 1997-2001 for low and high aircraft flight levels. Subsequent statistics are generated representing the distribution of simulated airborne ash at 6- and 24-h intervals, defining the regions most likely to contain airborne ash and the direction and distance a volcanic ash cloud may propagate from a given volcano. The AAPD maps show the extent of ash from a given volcano can encompass all of Alaska, most of the North Pacific Ocean, portions of northwestern North America, regions as far south as 358N, regions over the western Arctic Ocean, and portions of eastern Russia.

Papp, K.P., Dean, K.G., and Dehn, J., 2005, Predicting regions susceptible to high concentrations of airborne volcanic ash in the North Pacific region: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 148, no. 3-4, p. 295-314, doi: 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2005.04.020.

The primary objectives of the seismic program are the real-time seismic monitoring of active, potentially hazardous, Alaskan volcanoes and the investigation of seismic processes associated with active volcanism. This catalog presents the calculated earthquake hypocenter and phase arrival data, and changes in the seismic monitoring program for the period January 1 through December 31, 2004.

Dixon, J.P., Stihler, S.D., Power, J.A., Tytgat, Guy, Estes, Steve, Prejean, Stephanie, Sanchez, J.J., Sanches, Rebecca, McNutt, S.R., and Paskievitch, John, 2005, Catalog of earthquake hypocenters at Alaskan volcanoes: January 1 through December 31, 2004: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2005-1312, 74 p., available online at http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1312/.
website with links to PDF and data files

"The Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO), a cooperative program of the U.S. Geological Survey, the Geophysical Institute of the University of Alaska Fairbanks, and the Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys, has maintained seismic monitoring networks at historically active volcanoes in Alaska since 1988 (Power and others, 1993; Jolly and others, 1996; Jolly and others, 2001; Dixon and others, 2002; Dixon and others, 2003). The primary objectives of this program are the near real time seismic monitoring of active, potentially hazardous, Alaskan volcanoes and the investigation of seismic processes associated with active volcanism. This catalog presents the calculated earthquake hypocenter and phase arrival data, and changes in the seismic monitoring program for the period January 1 through December 31, 2003."

Dixon, J. P., Stihler, S. D., Power, J. A., Tytgat, Guy, Moran, S. C., Sanchez, J. J., McNutt, S. R., Estes, Steve, and Paskievitch, John, 2004, Catalog of earthquake hypocenters at Alaskan volcanoes: January 1 through December 31, 2003: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report OF 2004-1234, 69 p.
website with links to PDF and data tar file
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"Recent explosive eruptions at some of Alaska's 41 historically active volcanoes have significantly affected air traffic over the North Pacific, as well as Alaska's oil, power, and fishing industries and local communities. Since its founding in the late 1980s, the Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) has installed new monitoring networks and used satellite data to track activity at Alaska's volcanoes, providing timely warnings and monitoring of frequent eruptions to the aviation industry and the general public. To minimize impacts from future eruptions, scientists at AVO continue to assess volcano hazards and to expand monitoring networks."

Brantley, S. R., McGimsey, R. G., and Neal, C. A., 2004, The Alaska Volcano Observatory - Expanded monitoring of volcanoes yields results: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet FS 2004-3084, 2 p.
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"The 1999 basaltic eruption of Shishaldin volcano (Alaska, USA) displayed both classical Strombolian activity and an explosive Subplinian plume. Strombolian activity at Shishaldin occurred in two major phases following the Subplinian activity. In this paper, we use acoustic measurements to interpret the Strombolian activity."

Vergniolle, S., Boichu, M., and Caplan-Auerbach, J., 2004, Acoustic measurements of the 1999 eruption of Shishaldin Volcano, Alaska: (1) origin of Strombolian activity: in Special issue on conduit processes during explosive basaltic eruptions, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 137, p. 109-134.

"The 1999 eruption of Shishaldin volcano (Alaska, USA) displayed both Strombolian and Subplinian basaltic activity. The Subplinian phase was preceded by a signal of low amplitude and constant frequency (c2 Hz) lasting 13 h. This bhumming signalQ is interpreted as the coalescence of the very shallow part of a foam building up in the conduit, which produces large gas bubbles before bursting. The acoustic waveform of the hum event is modelled by a Helmholtz resonator: gas is trapped into a rigid cavity and can only escape through a tiny upper hole producing sound waves."

Vergniolle, S., and Caplan-Auerbach, J., 2004, Acoustic measurements of the 1999 eruption of Shishaldin volcano, Alaska: (2) precursors to the Subplinian phase: in Special issue on conduit processes during explosive basaltic eruptions, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 137, p. 135-151.

"Between October 12, 1989 and December 31, 2002, the Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) located 162 deep long-period (DLP) events beneath 11 volcanic centers in the Aleutian arc. These events generally occur at mid- to lower-crustal depths (10-45 km) and are characterized by emergent phases, extended codas, and a strong spectral peak between 1.0 and 3.0 Hz. Observed wave velocities and particle motions indicate that the dominant phases are P- and S-waves. DLP epicenters often extend over broad areas (5-20 km) surrounding the active volcanoes. The average reduced displacement of Aleutian DLPs is 26.5 cm2 and the largest event has a reduced displacement of 589 cm2 (or ML 2.5). Aleutian DLP events occur both as solitary events and as sequences of events with several occurring over a period of 1-30 min."

Power, J.A, Stihler, S.D., White, R.A., and Moran, S.C., 2004, Observations of deep long-period (DLP) seismic events beneath Aleutian Arc volcanoes: 1989-2002: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 138, p. 243-266.

"The Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) monitors 41 historically active volcanoes along the Aleutian Arc. Twenty are seismically monitored and for the rest, the AVO monitoring program relies mainly on daily analysis of satellite images, pilot reports, and observations of local residents and ship's crews. In 1999, AVO responded to eruptive activity or suspect volcanic activity at 7 volcanic centers: Wrangell, Shrub mud volcano, Iliamna, Veniaminof, Pavlof, Shishaldin, and Vsevidof volcanoes. Of these, in 1999, AVO had real-time, continuously recording seismic networks at Iliamna, and Shishaldin. The phrase "suspect volcanic activity" (SVA), used to characterize several responses, is an eruption report or report of unusual activity that is subsequently determined to be normal or enhanced fumarolic activity, weather-related phenomena, or a non-volcanic event."

McGimsey, R. G., Neal, C. A., and Girina, Olga, 2004: 1999 Volcanic activity in Alaska and Kamchatka: Summary of events and response of the Alaska Volcano Observatory: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report OF 2004-1033, 49 p.
website with link to PDF
full text PDF : 2.5 MB

"The Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) monitors the more than 40 historically active volcanoes of the Aleutian Arc. Of these, 22 were monitored with short-period seismic instrument networks as of the end of 2000. The core AVO monitoring program also includes daily analysis of satellite imagery, compilation of pilot reports, observations from local residents and mariners, and occasional overflights. In 2000, AVO responded to eruptive activity or suspect volcanic activity at 4 volcanic centers in Alaska (Wrangell, Snowy, Chiginagak, and Shishaldin)."

Neal, C. A., McGimsey, R. G., and Chubarova, Olga, 2004: 2000 Volcanic activity in Alaska and Kamchatka: Summary of events and response of the Alaska Volcano Observatory: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report OF 2004-1034, 37 p.
website with link to PDF

"The Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) monitors the more than 40 historically active volcanoes of the Aleutian Arc. Of these, 22 are monitored with short-period seismic instrument networks as of the end of 2001. The AVO core monitoring program also includes daily analysis of satellite imagery, observation overflights, compilation of pilot reports and reports from local residents and mariners. In 2001, AVO responded to eruptive activity or suspected volcanic activity at or near 8 volcanic centers; Snowy and Kukak of the Kamai Group, Pavlof, Frosty, Shishaldin, Makushin, Okmok, Cleveland, and Great Sitkin volcanoes."

McGimsey, R.G., Neal, C.A., and Girina, Olga, 2004: 2001 volcanic activity in Alaska and Kamchatka: Summary of events and response of the Alaska Volcano Observatory: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report OF 2004-1453, 53 p.
website with link to PDF
full-text PDF on AVO's server : 2.67 MB

"Major and trace element compositions and Sr, Nd, Pb, and Hf isotope ratios of Aleutian island arc lavas from Kanaga, Roundhead, Seguam, and Shishaldin volcanoes provide constraints on the composition and origin of the material transferred from the subducted slab to the mantle wedge. 40Ar/39Ar dating indicates that the lavas erupted mainly during the last 400 kyr. Along-arc geochemical and isotopic variations are consistent with variable degrees of fluid input to the mantle wedge."

Jicha, B.R., Singer, B.S., Brophy, J.G., Fournelle, J.H., Johnson, C.M., Beard, B.L., Lapen, T.J., and Mahlen, N.J., 2004, Variable impact of the subducted slab on Aleutian island arc magma sources; evidence from Sr, Nd, Pb, and Hf isotopes and trace element abundances: Journal of Petrology, v. 45, n. 9, p. 1845-1875.

"The Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO), a cooperative program of the U.S. Geological Survey, the Geophysical Institute of the University of Alaska Fairbanks, and the Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys, has maintained seismic monitoring networks at historically active volcanoes in Alaska since 1988 (Power and others, 1993; Jolly and others, 1996; Jolly and others, 2001; Dixon and others, 2002). The primary objectives of this program are the seismic monitoring of active, potentially hazardous, Alaskan volcanoes and the investigation of seismic processes associated with active volcanism. This catalog presents the basic seismic data and changes in the seismic monitoring program for the period January 1, 2002 through December 31, 2002. Appendix G contains a list of publications pertaining to seismicity of Alaskan volcanoes based on these and previously recorded data."

Dixon, J. P., Stihler, S. D., Power, J. A., Tytgat, Guy, Moran, S. C., Sanchez, John, Estes, Steve, McNutt, S. R., and Paskievitch, John, 2003, Catalog of earthquake hypocenters at Alaskan volcanoes: January 1 through December 31, 2002: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report OF 03-0267, 58 p.
website with links to PDFs, data tar file
full-text PDF : 7.3 MB

"The Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) monitors the more than 40 historically active volcanoes of the Aleutian Arc. Of these, 20 are monitored with short-period seismic instrument networks as of the end of 1998. The AVO core monitoring program also includes daily analysis of satellite imagery, overflights, compilation of pilot reports and observations from local residents and ship crews. In 1998, AVO responded to eruptive activity or suspected volcanic activity at or near 7 volcanic centers; Shrub mud volcano, Augustine, Becharof Lake near Ukinrek Maars, Chiginagak, Shishaldin, Akutan, and Korovin."

McGimsey, R. G., Neal, C. A., and Girina, Olga, 2003, 1998 volcanic activity in Alaska and Kamchatka: Summary of events and response of the Alaska Volcano Observatory: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report OF 03-0423, 35 p.
web site with link to PDF
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"Volcanism on Unimak Island, Alaska represents a microcosm of Aleutian arc volcanism in general. This work focuses on two of the most significant features on Unimak Island, Fisher Caldera and Shishaldin Volcano. Despite frequent activity and potential for violent, hazardous eruptions, these volcanoes have been relatively unstudied. The present work details the processes occurring within Shishaldin and Fisher volcanoes, and highlights the complexities of their magma storage systems."

Stelling, P. L., 2003, Volcanism on Unimak Island, Alaska, USA: a special focus on Shishaldin and Fisher volcanoes: University of Alaska Fairbanks unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, 193 p. and one CD-ROM.
partial-text PDF : 302 KB

"Interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) imaging is a recently developed geodetic technique capable of measuring ground-surface deformation with centimeter to subcentimeter vertical precision and spatial resolution of tens-of-meters over a relatively large region (~104 km2). This paper summarizes our recent InSAR studies of several Alaska volcanoes including New Trident, Okmok, Akutan, Kiska, Augustine, Westdahl, Peulik, Shishaldin, and Seguam. The spatial distribution of surface deformation data, derived from InSAR images, enables the construction of detailed mechanical models to enhance the study of magmatic and tectonic processes."

Lu, Zhong, Wicks, C. J., Dzurisin, Daniel, Power, John, Thatcher, Wayne, and Masterlark, Tim, 2003, Interferometric synthetic aperture radar studies of Alaska volcanoes: Earth Observation Magazine, v. 12, n. 3, p. 8-10.

"Data collected by a pressure sensor provide new insights into the 1999 eruption of Shishaldin volcano, Unimak Island, Alaska. On 19 April 1999, after 3 months of unrest and an extended period of low-level Strombolian activity, Shishaldin experienced a Subplinian eruption (ash plume to >16 km), followed by several episodes of strong Strombolian explosions. Acoustic data from the pressure sensor allow us to investigate the details of an eruption which was instrumentally well recorded, but with few visual observations."

Caplan-Auerbach, J., and McNutt, S. R., 2003, New insights into the 1999 eruption of Shishaldin volcano, Alaska, based on acoustic data: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 65, n. 6, p. 405-417.

"The Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO), a cooperative program of the U.S. Geological Survey, the Geophysical Institute of the University of Alaska Fairbanks, and the Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys, has maintained seismic monitoring networks at potentially active volcanoes in Alaska since 1988 (Power and others, 1993; Jolly and others, 1996; Jolly and others, 2001). The primary objectives of this program are the seismic surveillance of active, potentially hazardous, Alaskan volcanoes and the investigation of seismic processes associated with active volcanism. This catalog reflects the status and evolution of the seismic monitoring program, and presents the basic seismic data for the time period January 1, 2000, through December 31, 2001."

Dixon, J. P., Stihler, S. D., Power, J. A., Tytgat, Guy, Estes, Steve, Moran, S. C., Paskievitch, John, and McNutt, S. R., 2002, Catalog of earthquake hypocenters at Alaskan volcanoes: January 1, 2000 through December 31, 2001: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report OF 02-0342, 56 p.
webpage with links to PDFs, data tar file, ASCII text
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Shishaldin Volcano, in the central Aleutian volcanic arc, became seismically restless during the summer of 1998. Increasing unrest was monitored using a newly installed seismic network, weather satellites, and rare local visual observations. The unrest culminated in large eruptions on 19 April and 22-23 April 1999. The opening phase of the 19 April eruption produced a sub-Plinian column that rose to 16 km before rapidly dissipating. About 80 min into the 19 April event we infer that the eruption style transitioned to vigorous Strombolian fountaining. Exceptionally vigorous seismic tremor heralded the 23 April eruption, which produced a large thermal anomaly observable by satellite, but only a modest, 6-km-high plume.

Nye, C. J., Keith, T. E. C., Eichelberger, J. C., Miller, T. P., McNutt, S. R., Moran, S., Schneider, D. J., Dehn, J., and Schaefer, J. R., 2002, The 1999 eruption of Shishaldin Volcano, Alaska: monitoring a distant eruption: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 64, n. 8, p. 507-519.

"Shishaldin Volcano is a 2,857-meter-high stratovolcano on Unimak Island, the most easterly of the Aleutian Islands. It is located about 45 kilometers west of False Pass, a small, permanently inhabited fishing village on Unimak Island that has a summer population of about 100. Shishaldin Volcano is historically one of the most active volcanoes in the Aleutian Islands. Eruptive events have occurred on at least 39 occasions since the late 1700s, when Russian traders and explorers began keeping written records. The most recent eruptive episode occurred from February to July of 1999, when the volcano produced tephra plumes on several occasions and extensive scoria blankets, and lahars on two occasions. The largest explosive eruption, on April 19, 1999, sent ash higher than 16 kilometers above sea level. The ash cloud drifted southward with the wind over the North Pacific Ocean, causing local disruptions in air traffic."

Beget, J. E., Nye, C. J., Schaefer, J. R., and Stelling, P. L., 2002, Preliminary volcano-hazard assessment for Shishaldin Volcano, Alaska: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Report of Investigations RI 2002-4, 28 p., 1 sheet, scale 1:500,000.
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Tremor signals associated with the eruption of Shishaldin Volcano on 19 and 23 April 1999 were the strongest recorded anywhere in the Aleutian Arc by the Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) in its 10-year history. Reduced displacements (DR) reached 23 cm2 on 19 April and 43 cm2 on 23 April. During the activity, DR and spectral data with a frequency resolution of 0.1 Hz were computed and put on the World Wide Web every 10 min. These data are analyzed here. The general temporal patterns of seismicity of these eruption events were similar, but the eruptions and their effects quite different. The 19 April event is known to have culminated in a sub-Plinian phase, which ejected ash to an altitude of 16 km.

Thompson, Glenn, McNutt, S. R., and Tytgat, Guy, 2002, Three distinct regimes of volcanic tremor associated with the eruption of Shishaldin Volcano, Alaska, 1999: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 64, n. 8, p. 535-547.

"Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR), Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES), and Geostationary Meteorological Satellite (GMS) are used routinely to detect and monitor elevated ground temperatures and eruption clouds at volcanoes in the North Pacific Region. Volcanoes in this region include those in Alaska, Kamchatka Peninsula and the northern Kuril Islands. These data provide observations multiple times per day of over 100 active volcanoes in this region."

Dean, K. G., Dehn, Jon, Engle, Kevin, Izbekov, Pavel, and Papp, Ken, 2002, Operational satellite monitoring of volcanoes at the Alaska Volcano Observatory: in Harris, A. J. H., Wooster, Martin, and Rothery, D. A., (eds.), Monitoring Volcanic Hotspots Using Thermal Remote Sensing, Advances in Environmental Monitoring and Modelling, v. 1, n. 3, p. 70-97.

Shishaldin Volcano, Unimak Island Alaska, began showing signs of thermal unrest in satellite images on 9 February 1999. A thermal anomaly and small steam plume were detected at the summit of the volcano in short-wave thermal infrared AVHRR (advanced very high resolution radiometer) satellite data. This was followed by over 2 months of changes in the observed thermal character of the volcano. Initially, the thermal anomaly was only visible when the satellite passed nearly directly over the volcano, suggesting a hot source deep in the central crater obscured from more oblique satellite passes.

Dehn, Jonathan, Dean, K. G., Engle, Kevin, and Izbekov, Pavel, 2002, Thermal precursors in satellite images of the 1999 eruption of Shishaldin Volcano: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 64, n. 8, p. 525-534.

On 4 March 1999, a shallow ML 5.2 earthquake occurred beneath Unimak Island in the Aleutian Arc. This earthquake was located 10-15 km west of Shishaldin Volcano, a large, frequently active basaltic-andesite stratovolcano. A Strombolian eruption began at Shishaldin roughly 1 month after the mainshock, culminating in a large explosive eruption on 19 April. We address the question of whether or not the eruption caused the mainshock by computing the Coulomb stress change caused by an inflating dike on fault planes oriented parallel to the mainshock focal mechanism.

Moran, S. C., Stihler, S. D., and Power, J. A., 2002, A tectonic earthquake sequence preceding the April-May 1999 eruption of Shishaldin Volcano, Alaska: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 64, n. 8, p. 520-524.

"For half a day in April 1999, Shishaldin Volcano in the Aleutians hummed. When the humming stopped, the ground shook, and volcano blew its stack, sending ash 10 miles into the sky, according to Jackie Caplan-Auerback, a researcher at the Alaska Volcano Observatory in Fairbanks."

Unknown, 2002, Listening to volcanoes: Futurist, v. 36, n. 4, p. 2.

Schaefer, Janet, and Nye, C. J., 2002, Historically active volcanoes of the Aleutian Arc: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Miscellaneous Publication MP 0123, unpaged, 1 sheet, scale 1:3,000,000.
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Volcanoes are the source of a great variety of seismic signals that behave differently from events on earthquake faults. Nearly every recorded volcanic eruption has been preceded by an increase in earthquake activity beneath or near the volcano, and accompanied and followed by varying levels of seismicity.

McNutt, S.R., 2002, Volcano seismology and monitoring for eruptions: in International Handbook of Earthquake and Engineering Seismology, v. 81A, p. 383-406.

"The Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO), a cooperative program of the U.S. Geological Survey, the Geophysical Institute of the University of Alaska - Fairbanks, and the Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys, has maintained a seismic monitoring program at potentially active volcanoes in Alaska since 1988 (Power and others, 1993; Jolly and others, 1996). The primary objectives of this program are the seismic surveillance of active, potentially hazardous, Alaskan volcanoes and the investigation of seismic processes associated with active volcanism."

Jolly, A. D., Stihler, S. D., Power, J. A., Lahr, J. C., Paskievitch, John, Tytgat, Guy, Estes, Steve, Lockheart, A. D., Moran, S. C., McNutt, S. R., and Hammond, W. R., 2001, Catalog of earthquake hypocenters at Alaskan volcanoes: January 1, 1994 through December 31, 1999: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report OF 01-0189, 22 p.
website with links to PDFs, tar file
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"More than 40 active volcanoes occur in Alaska. This report summarizes historical data on those volcanoes, using information drawn from the more thorough and comprehensive U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Open-File Report 98-582, Catalog of the Historically Active Volcanoes of Alaska."

Wallace, K. L., McGimsey, R. G., and Miller, T. P., 2000, Historically active volcanoes in Alaska, a quick reference: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet FS 0118-00, 2 p.
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Seismology is an important and effective tool for monitoring volcanoes and forecasting eruptions. In the past 2 decades there have been over 25 successful forecasts.

Sigurdsson, Haraldur, (ed.), 2000, Encyclopedia of volcanoes: San Diego, CA, Academic Press, 1417 p.

Alaska Volcano Observatory, 2000, January-February 2000: Alaska Volcano Observatory Bimonthly Report, v. 12, n. 1, 28 p.
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"The Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) monitors over 40 historically active volcanoes along the Aleutian Arc. Twenty are seismically monitored and for the rest, the AVO monitoring program relies mainly on pilot reports, observations of local residents and ship crews, and daily analysis of satellite images. In 1997, AVO responded to eruptive activity or suspect volcanic activity at 11 volcanic centers: Wrangell, Sanford, Shrub mud volcano, Iliamna, the Katmai group (Martin, Mageik, Snowy, and Kukak volcanoes), Chiginagak, Pavlof, Shishaldin, Okmok, Cleveland, and Amukta. Of these, AVO has real-time, continuously recording seismic networks at Iliamna, the Katmai group, and Pavlof. The phrase "suspect volcanic activity" (SVA), used to characterize several responses, is an eruption report or report of unusual activity that is subsequently determined to be normal or enhanced fumarolic activity, weather-related phenomena, or a non-volcanic event."

McGimsey, R. G., and Wallace, K. L., 1999, 1997 volcanic activity in Alaska and Kamchatka: Summary of events and response of the Alaska Volcano Observatory: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report OF 99-0448, 42 p.
website with PDF link
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Alaska Volcano Observatory, 1999, January-April 1999: Alaska Volcano Observatory Bimonthly Report, v. 11, n. 1 and 2, 30 p.
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Alaska Volcano Observatory, 1999, May-August 1999: Alaska Volcano Observatory Bimonthly Report, v. 11, n. 3 and 4, 39 p.
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Alaska Volcano Observatory, 1999, September-December 1999: Alaska Volcano Observatory Bimonthly Report, v. 11, n. 5 and 6, 51 p.
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Nye, C. J., Queen, Katherine, and McCarthy, A. M., 1998, Volcanoes of Alaska: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Information Circular IC 0038, unpaged, 1 sheet, scale 1:4,000,000, available at http://www.dggs.dnr.state.ak.us/pubs/pubs?reqtype=citation&ID=7043 .
website with links to sheets in MrSID format

Alaska hosts within its borders over 80 major volcanic centers that have erupted during Holocene time (<10,000 years). At least 29 of these volcanic centers (table 1) had historical eruptions and 12 additional volcanic centers may have had historical eruptions. Historical in Alaska generally means the period since 1760 when explorers, travelers, and inhabitants kept written records. These 41 volcanic centers have been the source for >265 eruptions reported from Alaska volcanoes.

Miller, T. P., McGimsey, R. G., Richter, D. H., Riehle, J. R., Nye, C. J., Yount, M. E., and Dumoulin, J. A., 1998, Catalog of the historically active volcanoes of Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report OF 98-0582, 104 p.
website with PDF links
title page PDF : 52
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eastern part - Wrangell to Ukinrek Maars PDF : 972 KB
central part - Chiginagak to Cleveland PDF : 2,463 KB
western part - Carlisle to Kiska PDF : 956 KB
references PDF : 43 KB

Alaska Volcano Observatory, 1998, January-April 1998: Alaska Volcano Observatory Bimonthly Report, v. 10, n. 1 and 2, 35 p.
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Alaska Volcano Observatory, 1998, May-August 1998: Alaska Volcano Observatory Bimonthly Report, v. 10, n. 3 and 4, 43 p.
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Alaska Volcano Observatory, 1998, September-December 1998: Alaska Volcano Observatory Bimonthly Report, v. 10, n. 5 and 6, 51 p.
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"During 1996, the Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) responded to eruptive activity, anomalous seismicity, or suspected volcanic activity at 10 of the approximately 40 active volcanic centers in the state of Alaska. These events included a dramatic volcano-seismic crisis at Akutan and a vigorous strombolian eruption at Pavlof. As part of a formal role in KVERT (the Kamchatkan Volcano Eruption Response Team; Miller and Kurianov, 1993), AVO staff also disseminated information about eruptions and other volcanic unrest at six volcanic centers on the Kamchatka Peninsula and in the Kurile Islands."

Neal, Christina, and McGimsey, R. G., 1997, 1996 volcanic activity in Alaska and Kamchatka: Summary of events and response of the Alaska Volcano Observatory: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report OF 97-0433, 34 p.
website with PDF and ASCII links
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Alaska Volcano Observatory, 1997, January-April 1997: Alaska Volcano Observatory Bimonthly Report, v. 9, n. 1 and 2, 51 p.
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Alaska Volcano Observatory, 1997, May-June 1997: Alaska Volcano Observatory Bimonthly Report, v. 9, n. 3, 23 p.
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Alaska Volcano Observatory, 1997, July-August 1997: Alaska Volcano Observatory Bimonthly Report, v. 9, n. 4, 31 p.
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Alaska Volcano Observatory, 1997, September-December 1997: Alaska Volcano Observatory Bimonthly Report, v. 9, n. 5 and 6, 17 p.
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During 1993, the Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) responded to episodes of eruptive activity or false alarms at nine volcanic centers in the state of Alaska. Additionally, as part of a formal role in KVERT (the Kamchatkan Volcano Eruption Response Team), AVO staff also responded to eruptions on the Kamchatka Peninsula, details of which are summarized in Miller and Kirianov (1993). In 1993, AVO maintained seismic instrumentation networks on four volcanoes of the Cook Inlet region--Spurr, Redoubt, Iliamna, and Augustine--and two stations at Dutton Volcano near King Cove on the Alaska Peninsula. Other routine elements of AVO's volcano monitoring program in Alaska include periodic airborne measurement of volcanic SO2 and CO2 at Cook Inlet volcanoes (Doukas, 1995) and maintenance of a lightning detection system in Cook Inlet (Paskievitch and others, 1995).

Neal, C. A., McGimsey, R. G., and Doukas, M. P., 1996, 1993 volcanic activity in Alaska: summary of events and response of the Alaska Volcano Observatory: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report OF 96-0024, 21 p.
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"The Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) responded to eruptive activity or suspected volcanic activity (SVA) at 6 volcanic centers in 1995 (tables 1, 2): Mount Martin (Katmai Group), Mount Veniaminof, Shishaldin, Makushin, Kliuchef/Korovin, and Kanaga. Of these, AVO has a realtime, continuously recording seismic network only at the Katmai Group. The remaining unmonitored volcanoes are located in sparsely populated and uninhabited areas of the Alaska Peninsula and the Aleutian Islands. For these volcanoes, the AVO monitoring program relies mainly on pilot reports, observations of local residents and ship crews, and analysis of satellite images. The phrase "suspected volcanic activity", used to characterize several responses, is an eruption report or report of unusual activity that is subsequently determined to be normal or enhanced fumarolic activity, weather-related phenomena, or a non-volcanic event."

McGimsey, R. G., and Neal, Christina, 1996, 1995 volcanic activity in Alaska and Kamchatka: summary of events and response of the Alaska Volcano Observatory: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report OF 96-0738, 22 p.
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"During 1994, the Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) responded to eruptions, possible eruptions, or false alarms at nine volcanic centers--Mount Sanford, Iliamna, the Katmai group, Kupreanof, Mount Veniaminof, Shishaldin, Makushin, Mount Cleveland and Kanaga. Of these volcanoes, AVO has a real time, continuously recording seismic network only at Iliamna, which is located in the Cook Inlet area of south-central Alaska. AVO has dialup access to seismic data from a 5-station network in the general region of the Katmai group of volcanoes. The remaining unmonitored volcanoes are located in sparsely populated areas of the Wrangell Mountains, the Alaska Peninsula, and the Aleutian Islands. For these volcanoes, the AVO monitoring program relies chiefly on receipt of pilot reports, observations of local residents and analysis of satellite imagery."

Neal, C. A., Doukas, M. P., and McGimsey, R. G., 1995, 1994 volcanic activity in Alaska: summary of events and response of the Alaska Volcano Observatory: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report OF 95-0271, 18 p.
website with PDF link
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The Aleutian Islands and northern Pacific were among the last regions on earth visited by Europeans. Most early explorations were by officials of the Russian government, independent fur traders, and officials of the Russian American Company. Consequently, reports of these early expeditions are in obscure Russian (or German) publications. After the United States purchased Alaska in 1867, exploration and surveying was conducted by various government agencies, chiefly the U.S. Coast Survey and the Coast and Geodetic Survey.

Myers, J. D., 1994, The geology, geochemistry and petrology of the recent magmatic phase of the central and western Aleutian Arc: unpublished manuscript unpaged.
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"Quaternary Aleutian volcanism extends for over 2,500 km, from Buldir Island on the west to Mount Hayes on the east (fig. 1). This belt of volcanic activity lies immediately north of the Aleutian trench, a convergent boundary between the North American and Pacific lithospheric plates."

Motyka, R. J., Liss, S. A., Nye, C. J., and Moorman, M. A., 1993, Geothermal resources of the Aleutian Arc: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Professional Report PR 0114, 17 p., 4 sheets, scale 1:1,000,000.
website with links to PDF and MrSID files

"The Alaska Peninsula and Aleutian Islands form one of the conspicuously arcuate lines of volcanoes that border the Pacific Ocean. The name Aleutian Range is applied to this 1,600 mile long, narrow belt of peaks reaching from Mount Spurr opposite Anchorage to the island of Attu, close to the continent of Asia."

Powers, H. A., 1958, Alaska Peninsula-Aleutian Islands: in Williams, H., (ed.), Landscapes of Alaska, Los Angeles, CA, University of California Press, p. 61-75.

Hantke, Gustav, 1955, Uebersicht ueber die vulkanische Taetigkeit 1948-1950: Bulletin Volcanlogique, v. 14, p. 151-184.

"Heavy volcanic ash today is blanketing the Cold Bay area, near the tip of the Alaska Peninsula. Ashes from "Old Smoking Moses", Mt. Shishaldin, the active volcano some fifty miles southwest of Cold Bay on Unimak Island, has been in a state of intermittant eruption for the past two weeks."

Unknown, 1955, Eruption of Shishaldin continuing: Anchorage Daily News, v. VIII, n. 61, p. 1.

"There has been but slight activity at most Aleutian volcanoes during the fall of 1953. Observations are being made by members of the Armed Forces and by Austin Jones, Seismologist of the Geophysics Branch, U.S. Geological Survey."

Powers, H. A., 1953, Current activity of Aleutian volcanoes: The Volcano Letter, v. 522, p. 6.
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"Austin E. Jones, seismologist in charge of the Geological Survey's Aleutian volcano observatory on Adak Island, has supplied the following notes obtained during January from Capt. V. Seidelhuber of a U.S. Navy tanker operating in Aleutian waters."

Jones, A. E., 1952, Alaskan volcanoes: The Volcano Letter, v. 515, p. 7.
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"Austin E. Jones, seismologist in charge of the Geological Survey's observatory on Adak Island, has supplised the following notes on the activity of Aleutian volcanoes during 1952. Gareloi, which was weakly active during 1950, was quieter during 1951. At Kanaga volcano, light wisps of steam were noted on quiet, probably humid days."

Jones, A. E., 1952, Aleutian volcanoes: The Volcano Letter, v. 516, p. 8-9.
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"Great Sitkin volcano, in the Andreanof Group of the Aleutian Islands, has continued to steam throughout the past year, according to observations by Austin E. Jones, seismologist in charge of the seismological observatory maintained on Adak Island by the Geophysics Branch of the U.S. Geological Survy. The steam cloud is visible intermittently from Adak. It is not apparent whether this represents fluctuation in volume of steam ouput or flucuation in meteorological conditions that condense the steam."

Jones, A. E., 1951, Aleutian volcanic activity: The Volcano Letter, v. 514, p. 6.
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Coats, R. R., 1950, Volcanic activity in the Aleutian Arc: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin B 0974-B, p. 35-49, 1 sheet, scale unknown.
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"The Aleutian volcanic belt begins on the east at the head of Cook Inlet, in southern Alaska, and extends westward through the Alaskan peninsula and the Aleutian Islands. This is a narrow belt nearly 1,600 miles long."

Coleman, S. N., 1946, Alaska and the Aleutian belt: chapter 16 of Volcanoes, New and Old, New York, The John Day Company, p. 155-165.

Allen, E.W., 1936, North Pacific, Japan, Siberia, Alaska, Canada: New York, Professional and Technical Press, 282 p.

"Notes on activities in the Aleutian Islands and in the Volcanoes on the Alaskan Peninsula were published in Volcano Letters Nos. 246 and 357. The year 1931 appears to have brought to a focus the unrest which appeared in several volcanoes in 1929 and 1930 by producing a considerable explosive eruption from Aniakchak Crater on the Peninsual 45 miles NNE from Chignik."

Jaggar, T. A., 1932, Aleutian eruptions 1930-1932: The Volcano Letter, v. 375, p. 1-4.
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"Mr. Austin E. Jones, seismologist for the Section of Volcanology, has spent the summer at Dutch Harbor and Kodiak establishing seismograph stations. He reports that a party landed on Bogoslof Volcano July 27, 1929, and found it very quiet."

Jaggar, T. A., 1929, Aleutian notes: The Volcano Letter, v. 246, p. 1.
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"A notice of December 8 states that two volcanoes on Unimak had been smoking for ten days, after a season of unusual activity in the Aleutians. The smoke and vapor is stated to be "in comparitively small quantities."

Jaggar, T. A., 1928, Alaskan notes: The Volcano Letter, v. 162, p. 1.
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"The region in Alaska which contains the largest number of volcanoes extends in a continuous curved belt from the Aleutian Range of mountains west of Cook Inlet, through the Alaska Peninsula and the Aleutian Islands, to Attu, the westernmost possession of the United States, where there are warm springs."

Jaggar, T. A., 1927, The Aleutian Islands: The Volcano Letter, v. 116, p. 1.
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"So little is actually known about the igneous rocks of the Aleutian Islands that it might seem as if there were little more to say on the subject of magmatic problems than that the whole field lies before the investigator."

Fenner, C. N., 1926, Magmatic problems of the Aleutians: National Research Council Bulletin 56, n. 11, p. 124-127.

The first author to take up the subject of Alaskan volcanos systematically was Constantine Grewingk in 1850. He gathered from all previous accessible sources such as data existed on record, and his work is the classical source of such information.

Dall, W. H., 1918, Reminiscences of Alaskan volcanoes: Scientific Monthly, v. 7, n. 1, p. 80-90.

Sapper, Karl, 1917, Katalog der geschichtlichen vulkanausbruche: Strassburg, Germany, Karl J. Trubner, 358 p.

All volcanoes to the westward of this place are in active eruption, according to reports brought by the steamship Dora, which arrived here today.

Unknown, 1913, Volcanoes active on southern coast: Fairbanks Daily Times, June 8, 1913, p. 1.

The reports of volcanic activity, which were sent from here several days ago and which circulated generally throughout the States, were of a character more sensational than the actual conditions warranted.

Unknown, 1913, Volcano story was stretched: Fairbanks Daily Times, June 11, 1913, p. 1.

"In Alaska, and especially on the Aleutian islands, active and recently extinct volcanoes are so numerous that an attempt to give a detailed record of the various reports concerning them that have been made would lead to confusion."

Russell, I. C., 1910, Volcanoes of North America: London, The Macmillan Company, 346 p.

"April 13, 1907--On this date the writer left Boston for San Franciso, arriving Thursday morning, April 18. On the 20th of April he left for Seattle by the Shasta route, arriving there April 22. During the following month the various members of the scientific party convened in Seattle at the Hotel Lincoln, where headquarters were established."

Jaggar, T. A., 1908, Journal of the technology expedition to the Aleutian Islands, 1907: The Technology Review, v. 10, n. 1, p. 1-37.

"The areas within the boundaries of the United States yet untrod by the geologist or explorer are rapidly becoming fewer and fewer, while fields offering unique features of interest to either class of investigators are indeed rare."

Stanley-Brown, J.., 1899, Shishaldin as a field for exploration: National Geographic Magazine, v. 10, n. 8, p. 281-288.

"During the excursion season of 1892 many thousand tourists visited Alaska. All were delighted--charmed; and all make the same report and tell the same story of the matchless grandeur of the trip, of the midnight sun, of the placid waters, of the aurora borealis, of the majestic mountains, of the inland seas, of the mighty glaciers, of the thundering iceberg plunging into the sea and floating off in its glory of inimitable splendor, of the wealth of fish, timber, and minerals, of the queer customs of the natives, of the novelty and startling incidents that may well make the trip the object of a lifetime. There is nothing like it."

Scidmore, E. R., 1899, Appleton's guide-book to Alaska and the northwest coast, including the shores of Washington, British Columbia, southeastern Alaska, the Aleutian and Seal Islands, the Bering and the Arctic coasts: New York, D. Appleton and Co., 167 p.
website, first page of document, with links to successive pages

"The list of shocokcs printed in 1887, and those compiled during succeeding years, contained many reported "eruptions" of mountains in the Puget Sound region. For a number of years I made it my business to apply by letter to intelligent observers in that neighborhood to determine whether MOunt Baker and the other mountains had ever certainly been known to be in eruption."

Plummer, F. G., 1898, Reported volcanic eruptions in Alaska, Puget Sound, etc., 1690-1896: in Holden, E. S., (ed.), A Catalogue of Earthquakes on the Pacific Coast 1769-1897, Smithsonian Institution Miscellaneous Collections 1087, City of Washington D.C., Smithsonian Institution, p. 24-27.

"It is very certain that volcanic activity has existed at numerous points along the northwestern coast of America from the Golden Gate northward in comparatively recent times. Less certainty exists in this newly settled region as to historical outbursts."

Becker, G. F., 1898, Reconnaissance of the gold fields of southern Alaska with some notes on general geology: U.S. Geological Survey Annual Report 0018, p. 1-86, 6 sheets, scale unknown.
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"The largest of this group is the island of Atkha. It resembles Oonalashka in shape, but its indentations are less deep and not so easily accessible. Near the north point of the island there is a volcano called the Korovinsky, nearly 5,000 feet in height, and a few miles to the south another rises to almost the same elevation."

Petroff, Ivan, 1884, The volcanic region of Alaska: in Population, Industries, and Resources of Alaska, Washington DC, Government Printing Office, p. 93-96.
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Dall, W. H., 1870, Alaska and its resources: Boston, Lee and Shepard, 627 p.

...

Perrey, Alexis, 1866, Documents sur les tremblements de terre et les phenomenes volcaniques des iles Aleutiennes, de la peninsule d'Aljaska et de la cote no. d'Amerique, Extrait des memoires de l'Academie des sciences, arts et belles-lettres de Dijon, 1865: Dijon, J.E. Rabutut, 131 p.

"The borders of the Pacific Ocean are studded with volcanoes and the products of volcanic activity. The volcanoes are arranged in crudely arc-shaped groups, and most of the arcs are conves toward the ocean. In addition to the bordering arcs, the Pacific contains many individual volcanic islands and a few non-arcuate groups of volcanic islands, like the Hawaiian Islands. The curving chain of volcanoes from Kiska Island near the western end of the Aleutian Islands to Mt. Spurr on the mainland constitutes one of the Pacific volcanic arcs. This report is concerned with the past activity of the volcanoes of this arc, herein called the Aleutian arc."

Coats, R. R., Past volcanic activity in the Aleutian arc: U.S. Geological Survey Volcano Investigations Report 1, 18 p.
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Kienle, Juergen (comp.), Volcano observations: Notes about volcanoes and volcanic eruptions collected, made, and stored by Juergen Kienle, on file at University of Alaska Fairbanks, Geophysical Institute, unpublished, unpaged.