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Amak

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Leaflet U.S. Department of the Interior | U.S. Geological Survey | Policies

Facts

  • Official Name: Amak Island
  • Seismically Monitored: No
  • Color Code: UNASSIGNED
  • Alert Level: UNASSIGNED
  • Elevation: 513m (1683ft)
  • Latitude: 55.41728
  • Longitude: -163.14687
  • Smithsonian VNum: 311390
  • Pronunciation:
  • Nearby Towns:
    • Cold Bay 23 mi (37 km) SE
    • False Pass 40 mi (65 km) SW
    • King Cove 41 mi (66 km) SE
    • Belkofski 49 mi (79 km) SE
    • Pauloff Harbor 69 mi (110 km) SE

    Distance from Anchorage: 624 mi (1004 km)

Description

From Wood and Kienle (1990) [1] : "Amak is a small (~1 cubic km), young volcano in the Bering Sea some 50 km north of Frosty Peak volcano at Cold Bay at the western tip of the Alaska Peninsula. It is unusual in its position, which is significantly north of the main Aleutian volcanic front; Bogoslof, some 250 km west, is the only other such Aleutian volcano. In overall character, Amak is much like a large volcanic dome except that it has a well-formed crater from which granular, blocky leveed flows have erupted in historic times. The earlier volcanism, perhaps some 4,000-5,000 yr ago, consisted mostly of thin (~3 m) platy to massive andesite. U-shaped valleys in the older series of flows indicate significant glaciation during the latest ice phase some 6,700 yr BP. The southern margin of Amak is a grassy, apparently wave-cut alluvial plain, which contains a flat-bottomed crater with a distinct upturned rim, which may be a maar. Amak lavas are similar in overall composition to those of the Cold Bay volcanic center except in a small but significant higher concentration of potash in Amak rocks."

Name Origin

"Amak volcano" is an informal name applied to the peak on Amak Island. "Amak Island" is an Unangam Tunuu name published as "O[strov] Amak" or "Amak Island," by Captain Tebenkov (1852) and Amax by Bergslund (1994).

References Cited

[1] Volcanoes of North America: United States and Canada, 1990

Wood, C. A., and Kienle, Juergen, (eds.), 1990, Volcanoes of North America: United States and Canada: New York, Cambridge University Press, 354 p.

Reported Activity

Modern Eruptions

Amak

Amak Eruption Timeline

Amak 1700

1700 — 1710

Grewingk (1850, translated 2003 by Fritz Jaensch) reports that between "1700-1710 (?) volcanic activity on * * * Amak (beginning of the eighthteenth century)." Marsh (in Wood and Kienle, 1990) states that "granular, blocky leveed flows have erupted in historic times."
From Marsh and Leitz (1978): "The younger series of flows issued from a central vent located slightly south of the initial crater. These lavas breached the initial summit crater on the south and, at least in part, flowed down pre-existing glacially-cut valleys. These flows are chaotic, and wholly comprised of large angular blocks ranging in size from 0.1 m to several meters. Most blocks show traces of having been sheared and granulated. The lava is dark gray with a porous and sugary texture. At the outer margin of the southern flank this series has an apparent thickness of about 100 m. Moss and lichen growth on these flows, confirm that two periods of eruption produced this younger series. A thin layer (1 cm) of volcanic ash caps some of the larger blocks; this ash is probably from nearby Shishaldin volcano on Unimak Island, which has been active intermittently for at least the last 200 years (Coats 1950)."
"According to Funk (1973) the latest period of glaciation in this area was about 6,700 years B.P. The small U-shaped glacial valley cut into the older series was probably excavated during this period of glaciation. The older flows also show no sign of being extruded beneath ice. Thus Amak is probably not much older than 6,700 years. Early explorers (Dall 1897) reported volcanic activity on Amak during 1700-1710 and 1796 but report that by 1867 all activity had ceased. The younger series of flows was, surely, extruded during these times."

Amak 1796

1796

Grewingk (1850, translated 2003 by Fritz Jaensch) reports that in 1796, Amak "with active crater (?)." Grewingk also writes that Amak has been dormant at least since 1804, when Krusenstern viewed the island. Marsh (in Wood and Kienle, 1990) states that "granular, blocky leveed flows have erupted in historic times."
From Marsh and Leitz (1978): "The younger series of flows issued from a central vent located slightly south of the initial crater. These lavas breached the initial summit crater on the south and, at least in part, flowed down pre-existing glacially-cut valleys. These flows are chaotic, and wholly comprised of large angular blocks ranging in size from 0.1 m to several meters. Most blocks show traces of having been sheared and granulated. The lava is dark gray with a porous and sugary texture. At the outer margin of the southern flank this series has an apparent thickness of about 100 m. Moss and lichen growth on these flows, confirm that two periods of eruption produced this younger series. A thin layer (1 cm) of volcanic ash caps some of the larger blocks; this ash is probably from nearby Shishaldin volcano on Unimak Island, which has been active intermittently for at least the last 200 years (Coats 1950)."
"According to Funk (1973) the latest period of glaciation in this area was about 6,700 years B.P. The small U-shaped glacial valley cut into the older series was probably excavated during this period of glaciation. The older flows also show no sign of being extruded beneath ice. Thus Amak is probably not much older than 6,700 years. Early explorers (Dall 1897) reported volcanic activity on Amak during 1700-1710 and 1796 but report that by 1867 all activity had ceased. The younger series of flows was, surely, extruded during these times."

Amak 1700

Amak 1796

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TimelineJS

3 Event Date(s)

Past Activity Legend:
Eruption
Questionable eruption
Non-eruptive activity


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Map Images

Map References

Recently active volcanoes of Alaska, 2023

Cameron, C.E., Bull, K.F., and Macpherson, A.E., 2023, Recently active volcanoes of Alaska: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Miscellaneous Publication 133 v. 6, 2 sheets. https://doi.org/10.14509/31086.

Historically active volcanoes of Alaska, v. 3, 2018

Cameron, C.E., Schaefer, J.R., and Mulliken, K.M., 2018, Historically active volcanoes of Alaska: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Miscellaneous Publication 133 v. 3, 2 sheets. Http://doi.org/10.14509/30142

Historically active volcanoes of Alaska, 2014

Schaefer, J.R., Cameron, C.E., and Nye, C.J., 2014, Historically active volcanoes of Alaska: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Miscellaneous Publication 133 v. 1.2, 1 sheet, scale 1:3,000,000. This publication has been superseded. Newest version available at http://www.dggs.alaska.gov/pubs/id/20181 .

Volcanoes of Alaska, 1998

Nye, C. J., Queen, Katherine, and McCarthy, A. M., 1998, Volcanoes of Alaska: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Information Circular IC 0038, unpaged, 1 sheet, scale 1:4,000,000, available at http://www.dggs.dnr.state.ak.us/pubs/pubs?reqtype=citation&ID=7043 .
Hard Copy held by AVO at FBKS - CEC shelf

Revised geologic map of the Cold Bay and False Pass quadrangles, Alaska Peninsula, 1997

Wilson, F. H., Weber, F. R., Dochat, T. M., Miller, T. P., and Detterman, R. L., 1997, Revised geologic map of the Cold Bay and False Pass quadrangles, Alaska Peninsula: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-0866, 34 p., 1 sheet, scale 1:250,000.

Volcanoes of Alaska, 1995

Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, 1995, Volcanoes of Alaska: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Information Circular IC 0038, unpaged, 1 sheet, scale 1:4,000,000.

Geothermal resources of the Aleutian Arc, 1993

Motyka, R. J., Liss, S. A., Nye, C. J., and Moorman, M. A., 1993, Geothermal resources of the Aleutian Arc: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Professional Report PR 0114, 17 p., 4 sheets, scale 1:1,000,000.
Hard Copy held by AVO at FBKS - CEC shelf

Holocene volcanoes of the Aleutian Arc, Alaska, 1993

March, G. D., 1993, Holocene volcanoes of the Aleutian Arc, Alaska: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Public-Data File PDF 93-85, unpaged, 1 sheet, scale 1:2,000,000.

Preliminary geologic map of the Cold Bay and False Pass quadrangles, Alaska Peninsula, 1992

Wilson, F. H., Miller, T. P., and Detterman, R. L., 1992, Preliminary geologic map of the Cold Bay and False Pass quadrangles, Alaska Peninsula: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 92-0545, 10 p., 1 plate, scale 1:250,000.

Map showing distribution, composition, and age of Late Cenozoic volcanic centers in Alaska, 1986

Luedke, R. G., and Smith, R. L., 1986, Map showing distribution, composition, and age of Late Cenozoic volcanic centers in Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Series Map I 1091-F, unpaged, 3 sheets, scale 1:1,000,000.

Reconnaissance geologic map of the Cold Bay and False Pass quadrangles, Alaska, 1978

McLean, H., Engelhardt, C. L., and Howell, D. G., 1978, Reconnaissance geologic map of the Cold Bay and False Pass quadrangles, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-0323, unpaged, 1 plate.

References

Recently active volcanoes of Alaska, 2023

Cameron, C.E., Bull, K.F., and Macpherson, A.E., 2023, Recently active volcanoes of Alaska: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Miscellaneous Publication 133 v. 6, 2 sheets. https://doi.org/10.14509/31086.

Along-arc volcanism in the western and central Aleutian from 2015 to 2021 revealed by cloud-based InSAR processing, 2023

Wang, J., Lu, Z., Bekaert, D., Marshak, C., Govorcin, M., Sangha, S., Kennedy, J., and Gregg, P., 2023, Along-arc volcanism in the western and central Aleutian from 2015 to 2021 revealed by cloud-based InSAR processing: Geophysical Research Letters v. 50, no. 23, e2023GL106323. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023GL106323
Full-text PDF 3.9 MB

Geologic database of information on volcanoes in Alaska (GeoDIVA), 2022

Cameron, C.E., Crass, S.W., and AVO Staff, eds, 2022, Geologic database of information on volcanoes in Alaska (GeoDIVA): Alaska Division of Geologic and Geophysical Surveys Digital Data Series 20, https://doi.org/10.14509/geodiva, https://doi.org/10.14509/30901.

Historically active volcanoes of Alaska, v. 4, 2020

Cameron, C.E., Schaefer, J.R., and Ekberg, P.G., 2020, Historically active volcanoes of Alaska: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Miscellaneous Publication 133 v. 4, 2 sheets. Http://doi.org/10.14509/30426

2018 update to the U.S. Geological Survey national volcanic threat assessment, 2018

Ewert, J.W., Diefenbach, A.K., and Ramsey, D.W., 2018, 2018 update to the U.S. Geological Survey national volcanic threat assessment: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2018-5140, 40 p., https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2018/5140/sir20185140.pdf.

Historically active volcanoes of Alaska, v. 3, 2018

Cameron, C.E., Schaefer, J.R., and Mulliken, K.M., 2018, Historically active volcanoes of Alaska: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Miscellaneous Publication 133 v. 3, 2 sheets. Http://doi.org/10.14509/30142

Historically active volcanoes of Alaska, 2016

Cameron, C.E., and Schaefer, J.R., 2016, Historically active volcanoes of Alaska: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Miscellaneous Publication 133 v. 2, 1 sheet, scale 1:3,000,000. http://doi.org/10.14509/20181

Historically active volcanoes of Alaska, 2014

Schaefer, J.R., Cameron, C.E., and Nye, C.J., 2014, Historically active volcanoes of Alaska: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Miscellaneous Publication 133 v. 1.2, 1 sheet, scale 1:3,000,000. This publication has been superseded. Newest version available at http://www.dggs.alaska.gov/pubs/id/20181 .

Preliminary database of Quaternary vents in Alaska, 2014

Cameron, C.E., and Nye, C.J., 2014, Preliminary database of Quaternary vents in Alaska: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Miscellaneous Publication 153, 11 p., doi:10.14509/27357 .

InSAR imaging of Aleutian volcanoes, 2014

Lu, Zhong, and Dzurisin, Daniel, 2014, InSAR imaging of Aleutian volcanoes: Chichester, UK, Springer-Praxis, 390 p.

Subduction controls of Hf and Nd isotopes in lavas of the Aleutian island arc, 2010

Yogodzinski, G.M., Vervoort, J.D., Brown, S.T., and Gerseny, M., 2010. Subduction controls of Hf and Nd isotopes in lavas of the Aleutian island arc: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 300, p. 226-238, doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2010.09.035 .

Volcanoes of the world [3rd edition], 2010

Siebert, L., Simkim, T., and Kimberley, P., 2010, Volcanoes of the World [3rd edition]: Berkeley, University of California Press, 564 p.

Historically active volcanoes of Alaska reference deck, 2009

Snedigar, S.F., and Cameron, C.C., 2009, Historically active volcanoes of Alaska reference deck: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Information Circular 59, 52 p, available to order from http://www.dggs.dnr.state.ak.us/pubs/pubs?reqtype=citation&ID=20401 .

Preliminary spreadsheet of eruption source parameters for volcanoes of the world, 2009

Mastin, L.G., Guffanti, Marianne, Ewert, J.E., and Spiegel, Jessica, 2009, Preliminary spreadsheet of eruption source parameters for volcanoes of the world: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2009-1133, v. 1.2, 25 p., available at http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2009/1133/ .

The Alaska Volcano Observatory - 20 years of volcano research, monitoring, and eruption response, 2008

Schaefer, J.R., and Nye, Chris, 2008, The Alaska Volcano Observatory - 20 years of volcano research, monitoring, and eruption response: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, Alaska GeoSurvey News, NL 2008-001, v. 11, n. 1, p. 1-9, available at http://wwwdggs.dnr.state.ak.us/pubs/pubs?reqtype=citation&ID=16061 .

System for ranking relative threats of U.S. volcanoes, 2007

Ewert, John, 2007, System for ranking relative threats of U.S. volcanoes: Natural Hazards Review, v. 8, n. 4, p. 112-124.

The National Volcano Early Warning System (NVEWS), 2006

Ewert, John, Guffanti, Marianne, Cervelli, Peter, and Quick, James, 2006, The National Volcano Early Warning System (NVEWS): U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet FS 2006-3142, 2 p., available at http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2006/3142 .

An assessment of volcanic threat and monitoring capabilities in the United States: framework for a National Volcano Early Warning System NVEWS, 2005

Ewert, J.W., Guffanti, Marianne, and Murray, T.L., 2005, An assessment of volcanic threat and monitoring capabilities in the United States: framework for a National Volcano Early Warning System NVEWS: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2005-1164, 62 p.
full-text PDF 2.90 MB

Slab contributions in the Aleutian arc; a Hf isotopic perspective, 2005

Brown, S.T., Yogodzinski, G.M., Gerseny, M.G., and Vervoort, J.D., 2005, Slab contributions in the Aleutian arc; a Hf isotopic perspective [abs.]: in Abstracts of the 15th annual V.M. Goldschmidt conference, Geochemica et Cosmochemica Acta, v. 69, n. 10 (supplementary), p. 635.

Volcanoes of the world: an illustrated catalog of Holocene volcanoes and their eruptions, 2003

Siebert, L., and Simkin, T., 2002-, Volcanoes of the world: an illustrated catalog of Holocene volcanoes and their eruptions: Smithsonian Institution, Global Volcanism Program Digital Information Series GVP-3, http://volcano.si.edu/search_volcano.cfm, unpaged internet resource.

Bibliography of information on Alaska volcanoes, 2003

Cameron, C. E., Triplehorn, J. H., and Robar, C. L., 2003, Bibliography of information on Alaska volcanoes: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Miscellaneous Publication MP 131, 1 CD-ROM.
Hard Copy held by AVO at FBKS - CEC file cabinet

Encyclopedia of volcanoes, 2000

Sigurdsson, Haraldur, (ed.), 2000, Encyclopedia of volcanoes: San Diego, CA, Academic Press, 1417 p.

Volcanoes of Alaska, 1998

Nye, C. J., Queen, Katherine, and McCarthy, A. M., 1998, Volcanoes of Alaska: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Information Circular IC 0038, unpaged, 1 sheet, scale 1:4,000,000, available at http://www.dggs.dnr.state.ak.us/pubs/pubs?reqtype=citation&ID=7043 .
Hard Copy held by AVO at FBKS - CEC shelf

Revised geologic map of the Cold Bay and False Pass quadrangles, Alaska Peninsula, 1997

Wilson, F. H., Weber, F. R., Dochat, T. M., Miller, T. P., and Detterman, R. L., 1997, Revised geologic map of the Cold Bay and False Pass quadrangles, Alaska Peninsula: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-0866, 34 p., 1 sheet, scale 1:250,000.

Volcanoes of Alaska, 1995

Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, 1995, Volcanoes of Alaska: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Information Circular IC 0038, unpaged, 1 sheet, scale 1:4,000,000.

Volcanoes of the world [2nd edition], 1994

Simkin, Tom, and Siebert, Lee, 1994, Volcanoes of the world [2nd edition]: Tucson, Arizona, Geoscience Press, 349 p.
Hard Copy held by AVO at FBKS - CEC shelf

The geology, geochemistry and petrology of the recent magmatic phase of the central and western Aleutian Arc, 1994

Myers, J. D., 1994, The geology, geochemistry and petrology of the recent magmatic phase of the central and western Aleutian Arc: unpublished manuscript unpaged.
Hard Copy held by AVO at FBKS - CEC shelf

Age, character, and significance of Aleutian arc volcanism, 1994

Fournelle, J. H., Marsh, B. D., and Myers, J. D., 1994, Age, character, and significance of Aleutian arc volcanism: in Plafker, George and Berg, H. C., (eds.), The Geology of Alaska, Geological Society of America The Geology of North America Series v. G-1, p. 723-758.

Geothermal resources of the Aleutian Arc, 1993

Motyka, R. J., Liss, S. A., Nye, C. J., and Moorman, M. A., 1993, Geothermal resources of the Aleutian Arc: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Professional Report PR 0114, 17 p., 4 sheets, scale 1:1,000,000.
Hard Copy held by AVO at FBKS - CEC shelf

Holocene volcanoes of the Aleutian Arc, Alaska, 1993

March, G. D., 1993, Holocene volcanoes of the Aleutian Arc, Alaska: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Public-Data File PDF 93-85, unpaged, 1 sheet, scale 1:2,000,000.

Preliminary geologic map of the Cold Bay and False Pass quadrangles, Alaska Peninsula, 1992

Wilson, F. H., Miller, T. P., and Detterman, R. L., 1992, Preliminary geologic map of the Cold Bay and False Pass quadrangles, Alaska Peninsula: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 92-0545, 10 p., 1 plate, scale 1:250,000.

Alaska's volcanoes, 1991

Rennick, Penny, (ed.), 1991, Alaska's volcanoes: Alaska Geographic, v. 18, n. 2, 80 p.
Hard Copy held by AVO at FBKS - CEC file cabinet

Volcanoes of North America: United States and Canada, 1990

Wood, C. A., and Kienle, Juergen, (eds.), 1990, Volcanoes of North America: United States and Canada: New York, Cambridge University Press, 354 p.
Hard Copy held by AVO at FBKS - CEC shelf

Isotopic and incompatible element constraints on the genesis of island arc volcanics from Cold Bay and Amak Island, Aleutians, and implications for mantle structure: discussion and reply, 1986

Perfit, M. R., Kay, R. W., Morris, J. D., and Hart, S. R., 1986, Isotopic and incompatible element constraints on the genesis of island arc volcanics from Cold Bay and Amak Island, Aleutians, and implications for mantle structure: discussion and reply: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 50, n. 3, p. 477-487.

Map showing distribution, composition, and age of Late Cenozoic volcanic centers in Alaska, 1986

Luedke, R. G., and Smith, R. L., 1986, Map showing distribution, composition, and age of Late Cenozoic volcanic centers in Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Series Map I 1091-F, unpaged, 3 sheets, scale 1:1,000,000.

Isotopic and incompatible element constraints on the genesis of island arc volcanics from Cold Bay and Amak Island, Aleutians, and implications for mantle structure, 1983

Morris, J. D., and Hart, S. R., 1983, Isotopic and incompatible element constraints on the genesis of island arc volcanics from Cold Bay and Amak Island, Aleutians, and implications for mantle structure: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 47, n. 11, p. 2015-2030.
Hard Copy held by AVO at FBKS - CEC file cabinet

The Aleutians, 1982

Marsh, B. D., 1982, The Aleutians: in Thorpe, R. S., (ed.), Andesites: orogenic andesites and related rocks, Chichester, United Kingdom, John Wiley & Sons, p. 99-114.
Hard Copy held by AVO at FBKS - CEC file cabinet

Volcanoes of the world, 1981

Simkin, Tom, Siebert, Lee, McClelland, Lindsay, Bridge, David, Newhall, Christopher, and Latter, J. H., 1981, Volcanoes of the world: Stroudsburg, PA, Hutchinson Publishing Company, 233 p.

Geology of Amak Island, Aleutian Islands, Alaska, 1979

Marsh, B. D., and Leitz, R. E., 1979, Geology of Amak Island, Aleutian Islands, Alaska: Journal of Geology, v. 87, n. 6, p. 715-723.
Hard Copy held by AVO at FBKS - CEC file cabinet

Island-arc volcanism, 1979

Marsh, B. D., 1979, Island-arc volcanism: American Scientist, v. 67, n. 2, p. 161-172.

Comprehensive tables giving physical data and thermal energy estimates for young igneous systems of the United States, 1978

Smith, R. L., Shaw, H. R., Luedke, R. G., and Russell, S. L., 1978, Comprehensive tables giving physical data and thermal energy estimates for young igneous systems of the United States: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-0925, p. 1-25.
Hard Copy held by AVO at FBKS - CEC shelf

Reconnaissance geologic map of the Cold Bay and False Pass quadrangles, Alaska, 1978

McLean, H., Engelhardt, C. L., and Howell, D. G., 1978, Reconnaissance geologic map of the Cold Bay and False Pass quadrangles, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-0323, unpaged, 1 plate.

Alaska Peninsula-Aleutian Islands, 1958

Powers, H. A., 1958, Alaska Peninsula-Aleutian Islands: in Williams, H., (ed.), Landscapes of Alaska, Los Angeles, CA, University of California Press, p. 61-75.

Past volcanic activity in the Aleutian arc, 1946

Coats, R. R., Past volcanic activity in the Aleutian arc: U.S. Geological Survey Volcano Investigations Report 1, 18 p.
full-text PDF 22.3 MB
Hard Copy held by AVO at FBKS - CEC file cabinet

Reminiscences of Alaskan volcanoes, 1918

Dall, W. H., 1918, Reminiscences of Alaskan volcanoes: Scientific Monthly, v. 7, n. 1, p. 80-90.
Hard Copy held by AVO at FBKS - CEC file cabinet

Katalog der geschichtlichen vulkanausbruche, 1917

Sapper, Karl, 1917, Katalog der geschichtlichen vulkanausbruche: Strassburg, Germany, Karl J. Trubner, 358 p.
Hard Copy held by AVO at FBKS - CEC file cabinet

Reported volcanic eruptions in Alaska, Puget Sound, etc., 1690-1896, 1898

Plummer, F. G., 1898, Reported volcanic eruptions in Alaska, Puget Sound, etc., 1690-1896: in Holden, E. S., (ed.), A Catalogue of Earthquakes on the Pacific Coast 1769-1897, Smithsonian Institution Miscellaneous Collections 1087, City of Washington D.C., Smithsonian Institution, p. 24-27.
Hard Copy held by AVO at FBKS - CEC file cabinet

Alaska and its resources, 1870

Dall, W. H., 1870, Alaska and its resources: Boston, Lee and Shepard, 627 p.
Hard Copy held by AVO at FBKS - CEC file cabinet

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